{"id":84864,"date":"2026-04-01T09:32:41","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T09:32:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/airforcetimes\/uncategorized\/2026\/04\/01\/the-strait-of-hormuz-offers-a-lesson-in-air-denial\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T01:19:08","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T01:19:08","slug":"the-strait-of-hormuz-offers-a-lesson-in-air-denial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/airforcetimes\/opinion\/2026\/04\/01\/the-strait-of-hormuz-offers-a-lesson-in-air-denial\/","title":{"rendered":"The Strait of Hormuz offers a lesson in air denial"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIran\u2019s power is the Hormuz Strait.\u201d Those were Iranian foreign minister Abbas Aragchi\u2019s words on state television last week. He wasn\u2019t wrong. Four weeks into this conflict, the United States has struck more than 10,000 Iranian targets, destroyed roughly 80% of Iran\u2019s air defense capabilities, and eliminated its navy as a fighting force. Yet the strait remains effectively closed \u2014 and Iran\u2019s drones and missiles are keeping it that way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tehran\u2019s goal is to impose persistent economic and political costs until Washington concludes that continuing the war is not worth it. To achieve that, Iran is exploiting a gap in U.S. Air Force doctrine \u2014 the distinction between air superiority and air denial, and between the blue skies and the air littoral. So far, it is working.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Air superiority \u2014 the control that permits operations at a \u201cgiven time and place without prohibitive interference from air and missile threats\u201d \u2014 is what the United States has achieved over southern and western Iran and is now working to extend eastward. That control allows large-scale strikes and freedom of maneuver at medium and high altitudes. As Gen. Dan Caine, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.war.gov\/News\/Transcripts\/Transcript\/Article\/4448743\/secretary-of-war-pete-hegseth-and-chairman-of-the-joint-chiefs-air-force-gen-da\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/www.war.gov\/News\/Transcripts\/Transcript\/Article\/4448743\/secretary-of-war-pete-hegseth-and-chairman-of-the-joint-chiefs-air-force-gen-da\/\">noted on Tuesday<\/a>, \u201cGiven the increase in air superiority, we\u2019ve successfully started to conduct the first overland B-52 missions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By that measure, the campaign has been a success. But the strait is still closed.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<aside class=\"smg-interstitial-link wp-block-smg-interstitial-link\">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/militarytimes\/news\/pentagon-congress\/2026\/03\/31\/hegseth-reveals-secret-trip-to-middle-east-amid-escalating-iran-war\/\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__media\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-03-31T123424Z_1485637625_RC2OFKAV7DLO_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS-USA.JPG.jpg?w=300\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"smg-interstitial-link__kicker\">Related<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"smg-interstitial-link__title\">Hegseth reveals secret trip to Middle East amid escalating Iran war<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"smg-interstitial-link__excerpt\">Hegseth said morale is high and service members are determined to \u201cfinish the mission.&quot;<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/aside>\n\t\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Air superiority is meant to assure freedom of action not just in the air, but across all domains for the entire joint force. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Air Force Doctrine Publication 3-0 is explicit on this point: air superiority \u201cprevents enemy air and missile threats from effectively interfering with operations of friendly air, land, maritime, space, cyberspace, and special operations forces.\u201d That includes the Navy\u2019s ability to escort commercial vessels through the Strait of Hormuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By that measure, the United States does not have air superiority where it counts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iran\u2019s drone and missile campaign has already forced American forces back. In 2003, the bulk of U.S. combat and support aircraft operated from forward positions in Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia while carriers patrolled the Persian Gulf. Today, carriers increasingly operate from the Red and Arabian Seas while land-based airpower has shifted toward bases farther from the strait, leaving U.S. forces positioned for the high-altitude fight over Iran, not the persistent-close-in coverage the strait requires to keep shipping lanes open under continuous drone and missile threat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iran\u2019s strategy of air denial is why.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Air denial is a strategy of contesting control of the air without achieving air superiority outright. It leverages the advantages of large numbers of low-cost and mobile systems employed in a distributed way to keep the air domain too dangerous, too costly and too uncertain for joint forces to operate. Critically, the barriers to achieving air denial are considerably lower than those required to gain and sustain air superiority, yet it can impose disproportionate costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"7502\" height=\"5001\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-03-27T150102Z_335431780_RC2P9KAR3U55_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.JPG.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-111372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-03-27T150102Z_335431780_RC2P9KAR3U55_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.JPG.jpg 7502w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-03-27T150102Z_335431780_RC2P9KAR3U55_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.JPG.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-03-27T150102Z_335431780_RC2P9KAR3U55_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.JPG.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-03-27T150102Z_335431780_RC2P9KAR3U55_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.JPG.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-03-27T150102Z_335431780_RC2P9KAR3U55_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.JPG.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/2026-03-27T150102Z_335431780_RC2P9KAR3U55_RTRMADP_3_IRAN-CRISIS.JPG.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 7502px) 100vw, 7502px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An Air Force B-52 Stratofortress takes off in support of Operation Epic Fury during the Iran war at an undisclosed location, March 22, 2026. (U.S. Air Force\/Handout via Reuters)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the Strait of Hormuz, Iran is putting this strategy into practice. Tehran is exploiting the air littoral above the strait, employing drones and missiles capable of reaching oil tankers and naval vessels in minutes. Iran has struck more than 20 commercial vessels in and around the strait since the war began, killing at least seven sailors. This action has effectively halted traffic through the strait, except for a handful of ships that Iran has let pass \u2014 in many cases, for a hefty fee. The U.S. Navy has reportedly declined requests from the shipping industry for military escorts, citing the ongoing threat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iran\u2019s strategy appears to be working. Gas prices have risen a dollar a gallon in a month, U.S. stock markets have entered correction territory, and the White House is under growing pressure to wind down the conflict. Iran planned for exactly this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tehran built this playbook, funded it, and watched it succeed. The lessons come straight from the Red Sea, where Houthi proxies used cheap, distributed drones and missiles to impose costs that more than 800 U.S. airstrikes between 2024 and 2025 could not eliminate. Now, Iran is running the same playbook over the Strait of Hormuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The United States has no ready answer. Achieving and maintaining air superiority in the air littoral above the strait demands the very layered defense capabilities in which the Pentagon has systematically underinvested: large numbers of low-cost, attritable systems to continuously attack launch locations and dispersed manufacturing; mobile air defenses rapidly and persistently deployable near threatened waterways; low cost persistent airborne platforms capable of detecting and destroying waves of drones; and interceptors capable of sustaining high engagement rates without exhausting inventories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are precisely the capabilities decades of procurement choices never built at scale, in favor of the small number of exquisite platforms that have performed so well in the blue skies above Tehran. The gap is not an accident. It is the result of choices. The Strait of Hormuz is one of their consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Addressing this gap requires building low-cost, attritable systems at scale to contest and control the air littoral \u2014 not in small numbers as an afterthought, after the high-end aircraft are bought and paid for, but as a core mission \u2014 which inevitably means scaling back legacy platforms. The window to absorb that lesson is open now, while the cost is measured in closed shipping lanes and rising gas prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Maximilian K. Bremer is a nonresident fellow with the Reimagining US Grand Strategy Program at the Stimson Center and head of Mission Engineering and Strategy for Atropos Group.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Kelly A. Grieco is a senior fellow with the Reimagining US Grand Strategy Program at the Stimson Center and adjunct professor in the Center for Security Studies at Georgetown University.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;By that measure, the United States does not have air superiority where it counts,&#8221; write analysts Max Bremer and Kelly Grieco.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":111016,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_acf":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":18,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_smg_distribution_targets":[]},"categories":[101,26,18],"tags":[],"coauthors":[3702],"class_list":["post-84864","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-news-roundup","category-newsletters","category-opinion"],"acf":{"subheadline":"","legacy_arc_id":"RIVJWLSDGZFFZOKNQ6E3DF4CUE","arc_canonical_url":"\/opinion\/2026\/04\/01\/the-strait-of-hormuz-offers-a-lesson-in-air-denial\/","remove_feature_photo":false,"is_sponsored":false,"subtype":"","redirect_url":"","disable_inline_ads":false,"native_logo_pretext":"Presented By:"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Strait of Hormuz offers a lesson in air denial - Air Force TImes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&quot;By that measure, the United States does not have air superiority where it counts,&quot; write analysts Max Bremer and Kelly Grieco.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/defensenews\/opinion\/2026\/04\/01\/the-strait-of-hormuz-offers-a-lesson-in-air-denial\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Strait of Hormuz offers a lesson in air denial\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&quot;By that measure, the United States does not have air superiority where it counts,&quot; write analysts Max Bremer and Kelly Grieco.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/airforcetimes\/opinion\/2026\/04\/01\/the-strait-of-hormuz-offers-a-lesson-in-air-denial\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Air Force TImes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-04-01T09:32:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-08T01:19:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Maximilian K. 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Grieco\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\n\t    \"@context\": \"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\n\t    \"@graph\": [\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"Article\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/airforcetimes\\\/opinion\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/01\\\/the-strait-of-hormuz-offers-a-lesson-in-air-denial\\\/#article\",\n\t            \"isPartOf\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/airforcetimes\\\/opinion\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/01\\\/the-strait-of-hormuz-offers-a-lesson-in-air-denial\\\/\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"author\": {\n\t                \"name\": \"migration\",\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/airforcetimes\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/cc76c831bb37a926738c8391fca7a3b1\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"headline\": \"The 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