{"id":13299,"date":"2017-08-09T14:55:39","date_gmt":"2017-08-09T14:55:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/c4isrnet\/uncategorized\/2017\/08\/09\/securing-the-cockpit-how-the-military-is-tackling-avionics-cybersecurity\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T17:54:35","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T17:54:35","slug":"securing-the-cockpit-how-the-military-is-tackling-avionics-cybersecurity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/c4isrnet\/electronic-warfare\/2017\/08\/09\/securing-the-cockpit-how-the-military-is-tackling-avionics-cybersecurity\/","title":{"rendered":"Securing the cockpit: How the military is tackling avionics cybersecurity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The threat of cyber interference with American military information systems is well known and intuitively understood. But until recently, the cyber threat to systems on individual platforms, particularly aircraft, had received comparatively little attention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2015, Col. Gregory Breazile, director of the C2\/Cyber and Electronic Warfare Integration Division of the Marine Corps Cyber Task Force, speaking to an audience at that year\u2019s CyberCon conference in Washington, D.C., said, \u201cWe\u2019re realizing that the vulnerability is not just the networks. We have a lot of little closed networks internal to weapons systems that we didn\u2019t think of as networks or as something that might have cyber vulnerability.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Breazile\u2019s comments reflected recognition that the avionics \u2014 weapons as well as position, navigation and timing systems \u2014 embedded in U.S. military aircraft and other platforms are vulnerable. But how vulnerable?<\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"smg-interstitial-link smg-interstitial-link--fallback wp-block-smg-interstitial-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hub.fifthdomain.com\/whitepapers\/07-31-2017-battlespace-aloft\/\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__fallback-link\">Free White Paper on Avionics Cybersecurity \u2014 Battlespace: Aloft<\/a><\/aside>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 1647 of the fiscal 2016 National Defense Authorization Act directed the Secretary of Defense to determine the vulnerability of major weapon systems to cyberattack. That review is scheduled to be complete by 2019 and its findings \u2014 though classified \u2014 will likely confirm the concerns which gave rise to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThere is much \u2018roll up your sleeves\u2019 work ahead of us,\u201d admitted Dennis Miller, associate director of engineering and technical management at the Air Force\u2019s Life Cycle Mission Center at Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts. He is also director of the Air Force\u2019s newly established Cyber Resiliency Office for Weapons Systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CROWS was established to manage execution of a broader effort by the Air Force to get a handle on cyber vulnerabilities stretching back to 2011. In 2015 the Air Force unveiled its Cyber Campaign Plan (CCP), which recognized the risk to the preponderance of weapons systems fielded before cybersecurity became a design-phase consideration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The CCP looks across the acquisition, operations and infrastructure communities of the Air Force to develop a sustainable model that mitigates cyber threats and allows the service the resiliency to operate in cyber-contested environments. A Cyber Resiliency Steering Group (CRSG) made up of senior leaders from across all Air Force communities has been set up to facilitate the CCP\u2019s goals, managing risk along with CROWS. That risk goes right to aircraft cockpits, Miller acknowledged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe cyber threat is more than just network intrusion or traditional malware,\u201d Miller said. \u201cIt also affects our weapon systems and presents a clear and present danger to mission assurance.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Crossing cyber boundaries<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The risk of compromised avionics goes beyond singular platforms, however. Embedded aircraft systems interact with a range of external networked systems from Link-16 and the Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS), to software update processes and systems, all the way back to the Air Force\u2019s classified secure internet protocol router email network. Compromised avionics could potentially affect broader platform-linked systems, including the F-35\u2019s ALIS to the operational flight program loaders used by a variety of aircraft. Cyber-affected avionics could pose issues for integrated air and missile defense (IAMD) systems as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Air Force refers to this overlapping risk as crossing cyber boundaries. There\u2019s been little public discussion of the risk, leading to its minimization by some observers \u2014 but not all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThere are differing opinions, but my personal view is that this is a real problem and, yes, it\u2019s a big problem,\u201d said Neil Adams, director of the strategic systems group at Draper, a Cambridge, Massachusetts-based non-profit systems security firm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Draper specifically focuses on embedded systems security across the military. With funding from DARPA and the Air Force, the firm has developed its own vulnerability analysis tool suites and software architectures to defend avionics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Have certain avionics systems have already been compromised? It\u2019s a question the Air Force is reluctant to address. The Navy (NAVAIR) declined any discussion of avionics cybersecurity for this story. But, \u201cI think it\u2019s safe to say yes,\u201d Adams said. \u201dThere are things that have been publicly documented.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adams points to a 2013 Defense Science Board (DSB) report on resilient military systems, which concluded that the services could not have confidence in the ability of their cyber defense systems to thwart attacks. \u201cThat was true in 2013 and it\u2019s true today,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Executing the plan<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 2013 DSB report broke the broader cyber threat into three categories: cyber exploits\/hacking of known vulnerabilities; newly discovered vulnerabilities; and the use of full lifecycle exploits for sequenced attacks. The Air Force CCP makes similar distinctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Defining the scope of the problem for avionics and other systems is the work of CROWS and Avionics Vulnerability Assessment Mitigation and Protection, a program launched in 2016 by the Air Force Research Laboratory along with Ball Aerospace and SiCore Technologies. Thus far, the Air Force has identified 50 weapons systems at risk, dividing them into four priority levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the top are avionics associated with the B-2, B-52H, E4-B platforms as well as satellite avionics, from Advanced Extremely High Frequency\/Milstar constellations to Space-Based Infrared Systems (SBIRS) and Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS). The second tier includes avionics on the U-2 and ground-based radar (3DELRR) and detection systems (Space Fence). The third category includes most Air Force tactical and strategic aircraft, from the F-35 to the RC-135.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With maturing assessments in hand, \u201cWe know what we need to do both at the mission level and system level, we just need to execute the plan now,\u201d Miller said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Executing the plan will require the ability to constantly adapt. Avionics cyber threats can manifest via remote exploits (hacking) or endpoint exploits (device interfaces). Air Force aircraft and weapons systems are not statically located; they move through threat environments as they execute missions. Different locations present different challenges but as Miller noted, modern technology has concentrated risk in unprecedented fashion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe reality is that as technology has evolved we have connected more and more legacy systems together and increased the potential cyber-attack surface,\u201d he said. \u201cThe cyber threat is ambivalent to old or new systems; it\u2019s focused on gaining access to impact the system and its mission.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>Hardening at home<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Air Force plans to combat cyber intrusion with initiatives at the operational, infrastructure and acquisition levels mentioned above. Its Cyber Squadron-Initiative establishes Pathfinder Mission Defense Teams within each major command designed to continuously map and document specific mission priorities at each wing, sharing evolving threat information and lessons learned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Less obvious will be work done on industrial control systems issues by the Air Force headquarters\u2019 Logistics, Engineering and Force Protection\/A4 staff. Draper\u2019s Adams pointed out that the Air Force\u2019s necessary reliance on a complex, distributed and often foreign network for the avionics life cycle makes the hardware, software and information assurance task especially difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAll of the life-cycle phases, from R&amp;D to acquisition, design, development, test, manufacturing and production have information that needs to be protected. It\u2019s out there on DoD and contractor servers. New algorithms, software, hardware and designs are out there,\u201d Adams said. \u201cMicroprocessors, micro-controllers, and memory chips are often designed state-side but the fabrication of these, including the handling of the design information is overseas. Offshore foundries make the lion\u2019s share of electronics used in DoD systems. All of it must be protected throughout the avionics life cycle.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The test community will likewise have to improve the way it tests and evaluates avionics systems in a cyber contested environment, Miller, the CROWS director, added. The need to do so is acknowledged by the Air Force\u2019s own emphasis on resiliency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some have pointed to the Air Force\u2019s KC-46 tanker as an example of the first weapons system to be designed with avionics cybersecurity in mind, suggesting it may be useful in roles well beyond its core tanking mission. But Miller disagreed with the idea that KC-46 represents something truly new or that it will operate in particularly novel ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt\u2019s not like we haven\u2019t been doing anything on AF systems,\u201d he said, citing the establishment of DoD\u2019s Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP) in 2006, which pushed cyber-resilient design. DoD\u2019s subsequent adoption of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Risk Management Framework further entrenched cyber resiliency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThis was true for the KC-46 as well as all our other systems,\u201d Miller explained. \u201cIn addition, remember most of the KC-46 platform is a nondevelopmental military version of the Boeing 767 commercial aircraft. We have started working with DHS\/FAA on commercial air vehicles; there is a lot we can leverage from each other.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In any engagement with peer or near-peer adversaries \u2014 on even on a day-to-day footing \u2014 the Air Force and other services will have to operate with compromised systems. The CCP, AVAMP and other efforts launched by the Air Force are still young. Adams stressed that most vulnerability analysis capability in development focuses on known external threats to avionics. Draper Laboratory is concerned with the next level of embedded systems threats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cMilitary systems are developed over a long period of time. The more insidious attacks are sequenced over the life cycle,\u201d Adams said.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The cyberthreat to systems on individual platforms, particularly weapons as well as position, navigation and timing systems embedded in U.S. military aircraft, is garnering increased 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