{"id":16045,"date":"2022-06-15T16:45:36","date_gmt":"2022-06-15T16:45:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/c4isrnet\/uncategorized\/2022\/06\/15\/space-force-envisions-digital-future-for-testing-and-training\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T17:55:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T17:55:27","slug":"space-force-envisions-digital-future-for-testing-and-training","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/c4isrnet\/battlefield-tech\/2022\/06\/15\/space-force-envisions-digital-future-for-testing-and-training\/","title":{"rendered":"Space Force envisions digital future for testing and training"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">WASHINGTON \u2014 When Lt. Gen. Chance Saltzman thinks about how the Space Force will train its Guardians and test its systems in the future, he pictures an integrated, digital infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saltzman, the service\u2019s deputy chief of space operations, cyber and nuclear, envisions a future testing and training enterprise where space operators can connect virtually to practice tactics and new satellites and sensors are assessed in realistic simulated environments to make sure they\u2019re working as designed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe don\u2019t really have that ability to connect those things together,\u201d Saltzman said during a recent Defense Writers Group event. \u201cIf you think about connection of simulators, if you think about that virtual range where those simulators plug in so they\u2019re in an operational environment so they can see each other in a virtual sense \u2014 that\u2019s kind of the next generation of training.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Space Force is on a path toward creating a National Space Test and Training Complex that could make Saltzman\u2019s vision a reality. The service released its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.c4isrnet.com\/battlefield-tech\/space\/2022\/05\/10\/space-force-releases-plan-for-testing-satellites-ground-systems\/\" target=\"_blank\">Test Enterprise Vision<\/a> in May, identifying the NSTTC as a key enabler for space system and operator readiness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cHaving a digital joint warfighting environment capability allows for real-time training exercises and enables the re-creation of events that previously could only occur in a constrained fashion during specific space exercises,\u201d the document states. \u201cNot only is this extremely effective in testing and training personnel, but it also leads to reduced costs and it speeds up delivery of optimal combat capabilities to the warfighter.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the endeavor also presents some challenges, most of which lie in creating virtual training and testing environments that realistically depict the space domain. Brig. Gen. Shawn Bratton, the head of Space Training and Readiness Command, which is leading the effort to define a baseline capability set for NSTTC, told reporters in May that building that digital infrastructure is one of his command\u2019s biggest technical hurdles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the other military services have shifted some of their training and testing to virtual, or synthetic, environments, they also have robust ground-based training ranges for live exercises. But the Space Force can\u2019t \u201ccarve out a piece of real estate\u201d on orbit for a permanent range, Bratton said. And while some testing and training will likely be performed in space, the associated range would be temporal and the activities that could be conducted would be limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThere\u2019s no sovereignty in space, and we\u2019re not looking to impose that sort of model at all in the space domain,\u201d Bratton said during an April 6 media briefing at the Space Symposium in Colorado Springs. \u201cWe think a lot of it will be done digitally.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The virtual challenge<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A key component of an effective virtual environment is realism, and for the Space Force, that means having accurate, high-fidelity models of how spacecraft operate and maneuver on orbit as well as how conditions in space like debris, weather and adversarial threats impact those operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christine Jeseritz, Lockheed Martin\u2019s director for wargaming and nuclear command, control and communications, told C4ISRNET in a February interview that the defense industry\u2019s shift toward using more digital engineering tools to develop and test new technology could help address some of the technical challenges of creating a realistic virtual environment. That includes investments in simulation venues and the use of digital twins to create a virtual replica of a system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, there\u2019s baseline work that needs be done by the Space Force to define how realistic those digital models need to be, she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWhat level of testing am I going to go to with this digital solution? They\u2019re going to have to determine where that line is,\u201d Jeseritz said. \u201cAnd depending on where that line is drawn, there\u2019s going to have to be more or less rigor in the verification that the digital environment is as identical as possible to the real environment.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Defining that line, Bratton said, is a big part of STARCOM\u2019s early work to determine what foundational testing and training capability needs to reside with the NSTTC. The command has tasked an operational planning team with exploring those questions and recommending baseline requirements for near-term funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe question the OPT is wrestling with is, \u2018What things do we need to do live and actually fly a spacecraft on orbit to be able to instrument it and gather data for test or training activities and what things can we do purely in the digital space?\u2019\u201d Bratton said. \u201cThat dividing line, I think, is where we\u2019re trying to feel our way.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Col. Eric Felt, commander of the Air Force Research Laboratory\u2019s Space Vehicles Directorate, told C4ISRNET in February that while the Space Force has work to do in developing digital models, AFRL and Space Systems Command are taking steps to ensure the service has access to the digital engineering tools it needs to build out these models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe work closely with STARCOM, we have provided their technology options to them, and now they are building those out to establish the space test and training range,\u201d Felt said. \u201cI think it is a huge positive sign that the Space Force has recognized the need for operational and realistic testing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Space Force\u2019s emphasis on establishing itself as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.c4isrnet.com\/battlefield-tech\/space\/2021\/10\/11\/from-sci-fi-to-reality-how-the-us-space-force-launched-a-digital-revolution\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u201cdigital service\u201d<\/a> also benefits STARCOM in this area. Bratton noted that as Space Systems Command and the Space Warfighting Analysis Center develop detailed space environment and threat models to inform future space capability needs, STARCOM can use that work for its testing and training environments. The command may also conduct some initial test and training missions on orbit to gather the information it needs to support more realistic modeling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Speaking with reporters in May during the rollout of the Space Test Vision, Vice Chief of Space Operations Gen. David Thompson explained that as the SWAC develops the models it needs to design big-picture space architectures, they\u2019ll hand those models off to SSC, where the Space Force\u2019s acquisition team will refine that analysis to determine what systems are needed for those architectures. STARCOM can then take that work and use it to enhance its testing and eventually its training environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAs you move through each step, there\u2019s a certain level of fidelity and performance that you need out of each model that gets deeper and more extensive, all the way through the end,\u201d Thompson said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Space-based range<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While much of the NSTTC will rely on digital testing and training capabilities, it will also include ground and space-based instrumentation, ranges and command-and-control support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The service already operates a ground-based live electronic warfare range, the Space Test and Training Range, located at Schriever Space Force Base in Colorado, and has a portfolio of existing testing facilities and training equipment that will be part of the broader NSTTC architecture. Along with the current electronic warfare-focused range, STARCOM will also have a range dedicated to cyber testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To support some on-orbit test and training events, the service will likely need more instrumentation and surveillance systems to ensure the safety of the on-orbit asset and to collect data about its performance. Bratton pointed to the Space Surveillance Network, which includes radars, optical telescopes and observation satellites, as an obvious source for that, but noted that it may need more capacity to support the NSTTC mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI\u2019d say the technology exists, it\u2019s the capacity issue of being able to do the telemetry tracking and control,\u201d he said at Space Symposium in April. \u201cI don\u2019t think we\u2019re talking large-scale here, but there probably is a little bit. Those networks are pretty full today, just with current operations, and if we increase the amount of live test, we\u2019ll need to increase capacity there.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The NSTTC will also need more on-orbit capability to support a space-based range, Bratton said, including spacecraft known as \u201cwitness\u201d satellites, which would be launched to observe a test activity. Felt noted that as the service continues to field more space domain awareness satellites, which are designed to monitor activity in space, those systems could double as test assets when needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIf you had ubiquitous sensing of everything, everywhere, all the time and in real-time of what was on orbit, you would have your test range,\u201d Felt said. \u201cWe haven\u2019t reached that nirvana, but in focused areas for the on-orbit part, we know what sensors are needed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Funding the NSTTC<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The move toward an NSSTC follows years of lawmakers, operational testers and military space officials calling for a more comprehensive approach to ensuring the readiness of space systems and their operators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The former director of the Pentagon\u2019s operational test and evaluation office, Robert Behler, in his 2019 annual testing report criticized DoD\u2019s lack of a mechanism for assessing the \u201coperational effectiveness, suitability and survivability of space-based systems in a representative environment.\u201d Behler called for the creation of an on-orbit National Space Test and Training Range as well as more robust ground-based testing facilities, and each annual report since has called for greater investment in that infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But how much investment is required isn\u2019t immediately clear. Bratton told C4ISRNET in March it\u2019s too early to make cost estimates because the operational planning team is still defining the NSTTC\u2019s baseline requirements. He added that because those requirements will grow as technology evolves and needs change, it\u2019s hard to pinpoint a total cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Space Force\u2019s fiscal 2023 budget request includes $71 million for the NSTTC and the planning team\u2019s work will inform the request for fiscal 2024. Thompson told reporters in May that while he couldn\u2019t provide details on next year\u2019s budget request, he expects it to increase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI can tell you that priority and that commitment remains,\u201d Thompson said. \u201cAnd for 2024, our investment will get even larger.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Space Force is on a path toward creating a National Space Test and Training Complex, but the endeavor also presents some challenges \u2014 most of which lie in creating virtual training and testing environments that realistically depict the space 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