{"id":26849,"date":"2020-10-12T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-10-12T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/c4isrnet\/uncategorized\/2020\/10\/12\/at-project-convergence-the-us-army-experienced-success-and-failure-and-its-happy-about-both\/"},"modified":"2026-08-07T22:53:40","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T22:53:40","slug":"at-project-convergence-the-us-army-experienced-success-and-failure-and-its-happy-about-both","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/c4isrnet\/show-reporter\/ausa\/2020\/10\/12\/at-project-convergence-the-us-army-experienced-success-and-failure-and-its-happy-about-both\/","title":{"rendered":"At Project Convergence, the US Army experienced success and failure \u2014 and it\u2019s happy about both"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

UPDATE <\/i>\u2014 This story has been updated to reflect the correct number of images taken to train AI systems.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

YUMA PROVING GROUND, Ariz. \u2014 During the U.S. Army\u2019s high-profile test of emerging technology in the Arizona desert last month, service leaders packed explosives into a prototype of the Extended Range Cannon as part of a bold experiment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cannon had the ability to fire beyond 70 kilometers<\/a>, and the XM1113 projectile had been customized with a precision guidance kit (not the next long-range precision guidance kit that will be integrated later).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt didn\u2019t go off every time,\u201d Brig. Gen. John Rafferty, who oversees long-range precision fires modernization, said of the weapon during an Oct. 2 interview with Defense News. \u201cIt was kind of disappointing when there was a hole in the ground right next to the target because it didn\u2019t explode.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The XM1113 incident matched what many service leaders experienced at Project Convergence<\/a> as new concepts and modernization efforts were put to the test. Sometimes, Army officials were thrilled with the progress of new technologies. Other times, they saw room for improvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis is a major step forward in transforming the United States Army for the next 40 years,\u201d Army Chief of Staff Gen. James McConville said while attending Project Convergence at Yuma Proving Ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis may not be the most important thing Army Futures Command is working on,\u201d added Gen. Mike Murray, the head of the command. But \u201cthis may be the most important thing the Army is doing today,\u201d outside of global ongoing operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The service is shifting its focus<\/a> from counterinsurgency operations in the Middle East to an era of great power competition \u2014 one where the United States must be prepared to operate against advanced adversaries in high-end conflict across air, land, sea, space and cyber domains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Army leaders hope Project Convergence shows the service is more willing to abandon the customary hand-wringing over whether technology is completely mature, and instead jump into the fray to try and even fail publicly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cEvery one of these weapons systems, as they get anywhere close to a determination by Army leadership \u2026 we\u2019re putting it in Convergence,\u201d Army Secretary Ryan McCarthy told reporters before the event. \u201cIt\u2019s a much more effective means for operational tests.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perfection vs. progress<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Project Convergence was meant to be hard, Army leaders said, to challenge in the harshest of environments the systems and concepts that would be needed to against sophisticated adversaries like Russia<\/a> and China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Army picked Yuma Proving Ground for the new experimental exercise because of its \u201charsh conditions,” large operating area and \u201cbrutal\u201d temperatures<\/a> that reached 120 degrees, the exercise\u2019s commander, Brig. Gen. Ross Coffman, said Sept. 23 on the ground at Yuma. \u201cWe knew that if we could accomplish our mission here, we can do it almost anywhere on Earth.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
A TAROT drone conducts a practice run during the Project Convergence capstone event at Yuma Proving Ground, Ariz. (Spc. Carlos Cuebas Fantauzzi\/U.S. Army)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

It was so hot in the Arizona desert that aircraft tires blew up<\/a> on the runway.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the effort met and, in some cases, greatly exceeded expectations, it was wholly imperfect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The service flew a group of reporters to Yuma on the last day to witness firsthand how its efforts were panning out. In a small warehouse full of military leadership, reporters, foreign military counterparts, civilian engineers and legislative staffers, the Army put its tech to the test.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the front of the room were eight large television screens: The top four showed livestreams of the action occurring on the range \u2014 mortar fires, drones flying overhead and the targets set to be destroyed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet the real action was taking place on the four bottom screens, where observers could see the Tactical Assault Kit \u2014 a software system giving operators a common picture of what was happening on the range \u2014 and other advanced software applications. And below those screens were 10 Army operators controlling all of the action from behind their monitors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI was focused on those 10 people up front that were simulating a tactical operation and a little less so on the screens,\u201d McCarthy told reporters the day after the exercise. \u201cThe only screens that I really cared about were the lower ones that showed how they were moving the pieces from the battlefield.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In other words, Project Convergence was not about the boom. It was not about hitting the targets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Which is good. Because not all of them did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On that day, the Army missed two targets during live-fire demonstrations. In the first miss, a modified Gray Eagle UAV used another drone as a munitions mule. The primary Gray Eagle identified the threat, ordering the other drone to drop a glide munition on the target. The first Gray Eagle was supposed to guide that munition to the target over the Army\u2019s tactical network \u2014 however, a lost network connection led to a miss, Murray confirmed to Defense News.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the other miss, an XM1113 projectile failed to explode on its target after being fired from the first prototype of the Army\u2019s Extended Range Cannon, which has the capability to fire beyond 70 kilometers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis was the first time we had the XM1113 firing targets with high explosives inside of it, instead of inert, with a currently fielded precision guidance kit, not the [next] long-range precision guidance kit,\u201d Rafferty said. \u201cIt didn\u2019t work every time. It was accurate, but it didn\u2019t go off every time.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe bullets flying through the air and exploding is interesting,\u201d Coffman said. \u201cBut that\u2019s not what\u2019s compelling about Project Convergence. It\u2019s everything that happens before the lanyard is pulled, the trigger is pulled. We didn\u2019t come out here for a precision fires exercise. What we came here to do is increase the speed of information between sensing the target and passing that information to the effector.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By creating a complex network of systems, the Army was able to dramatically shorten its kill chain. And the service moved the architecture from PowerPoint to a living and breathing capability in less than eight months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Science and technology efforts that were just \u201ctwo months ago an idea in a lab some place in an air-conditioned building\u201d were worked into the exercise, Murray said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI can\u2019t emphasize enough that yesterday exceeded any expectation that I could have had. It was an experiment. It was an experiment at scale for a combined arms operations, and the fact that they compressed the timespan \u2026 was incredible,\u201d McCarthy said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Networks aren\u2019t built in a day<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the course of the effort, the Army was able to shorten its sensor-to-shooter timeline from 20 minutes to 20 seconds by using emerging artificial intelligence algorithms, experimental tactical networks and space-based sensors. This introduced a new pipeline that takes sensor data, transforms it into targeting data and delivers it to the best possible shooter at blazing speeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTaking information from space-based sensors and passing into ground- and air-based effectors seems really simple and happens super fast, but it was very complex and took us weeks of hard coding in order to get it done,\u201d Coffman said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Added Murray: \u201cIt\u2019s all about the ability to pass data, and if you can\u2019t do that, a long-range cannon becomes interesting, but not really relevant.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the effort, \u201cwe had all kinds of problems. That\u2019s why we were rewriting code and fixing stuff constantly,\u201d he continued. \u201cBut you know? It worked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
During a Network Integration Evaluation exercise, the Army demonstrated both unclassified and classified command post Wi-Fi capability with a full-brigade main command post. (Amy Walker\/Army)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The network \u201cwas a plus and minus,\u201d he explained. It was the backbone of everything the Army was doing at Project Convergence, but \u201clike everything else we brought, what we had, it wasn\u2019t designed for this,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The network used during the event is being designed for a tactical brigade, and not to operate in the context of Project Convergence in a constrained bandwidth environment, he noted. \u201cThe network worked. It just took a tremendous amount of work to get it to work.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, the Army had a hard time getting the network to connect from ground assets to air assets, according to Murray, while ground-to-ground and air-to-air connectivity performed well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The connectivity between ground and air was established \u2014 for the first time ever \u2014 through a mesh network of unmanned aircraft called Air-Launched Effects that were intended to serve as repeaters to extend connectivity beyond line of sight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some of the problems had to do with the conditions. \u201cThere were lots of days we couldn\u2019t fly because of crosswinds,\u201d Murray said. \u201cI think just continuing to refine [the mesh network] and increasing \u2014 really not necessarily the range but the throughput capacity \u2014 is probably where we need to go.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There were also tests that surpassed expectations. With some systems, it was expected that \u201cswivel chair\u201d methods would be needed to manually input information from one system into another. \u201cWe were able to actually automate machine to machine, which we weren\u2019t expecting to be able to do,\u201d Murray said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Project Convergence was easily the Army\u2019s \u2014 and perhaps the entire military\u2019s \u2014 largest test of emerging AI capabilities to date. AI algorithms were used to speed up the sensor-to-shooter chain at every point. But perhaps the biggest star of the event was FIRES Synchronization to Optimize Responses in Multi-Domain Operations, or FIRESTORM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat is FIRESTORM? Simply put, it\u2019s a computer brain that recommends the best shooter, updates the common operating picture with the current enemy situation and friendly situation, [and] admissions the effectors that we want to [use to] eradicate the enemy on the battlefield,\u201d Coffman said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Observers at Project Convergence were able to see FIRESTORM\u2019s recommendation pop-ups in real time \u2014 often in the blink of an eye \u2014 allowing operators to rapidly review and approve the algorithm\u2019s recommendations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the AI systems at play are still in development, and Army officials acknowledged they remain brittle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While prepping for Project Convergence, the Army used more than 3.5 million images of opposing and friendly forces’ tanks and vehicles to build a database of enough images in different contexts to train the algorithms needed for the exercise. \u201cEvery image you get to train an algorithm just makes that algorithm better,\u201d Murray said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cArtificial intelligence is no different than a human being,” added McCarthy. “It needs a number of repetitions to be perfect. The difference is they\u2019ll be faster and better because it\u2019s a machine. But you still have to have hundreds if not thousands of these repetitions to make it perfect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“And you might have seen the fourth rep. Come back when there\u2019s 400.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cultural shift<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Project Convergence pointed the Army in the direction it must go if it wants to shape a force for future conflict, but the effort also pushed the service toward a major cultural change<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s OK to fail,\u201d Murray said. “I\u2019ve done some touchpoints with soldiers, and soldiers aren\u2019t used to failing and it actually drives them crazy when you put a piece of immature technology in their hands that doesn\u2019t work exactly like they expect it to work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThat\u2019s part of the culture change: It\u2019s OK,\u201d he said. \u201cYou\u2019re learning, growing and making better decisions, investments, as you continue to mature this technology. I think this is absolutely the way forward.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Project Convergence was not about hitting targets. Which is good. 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