{"id":27494,"date":"2017-08-16T14:17:42","date_gmt":"2017-08-16T14:17:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/c4isrnet\/uncategorized\/2017\/08\/16\/tracing-the-sources-of-todays-russian-cyberthreat-commentary\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T18:30:15","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T18:30:15","slug":"tracing-the-sources-of-todays-russian-cyberthreat-commentary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/c4isrnet\/cyber\/2017\/08\/16\/tracing-the-sources-of-todays-russian-cyberthreat-commentary\/","title":{"rendered":"Tracing the sources of today&#8217;s Russian cyberthreat [Commentary]"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beyond carrying all of our phone, text and internet communications, cyberspace is an active battleground, with cybercriminals, government agents and even military personnel probing weaknesses in corporate, national and even personal online defenses. Some of the most talented and dangerous cybercrooks and cyberwarriors come from Russia, which is a longtime meddler in other countries\u2019 affairs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over decades, Russian operators have stolen terabytes of data, taken control of millions of computers and raked in billions of dollars. They\u2019ve&nbsp;<a>shut down electricity in Ukraine<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a>meddled in elections in the U.S.<\/a>&nbsp;and elsewhere. They\u2019ve engaged in&nbsp;<a>disinformation<\/a>&nbsp;and disclosed pilfered information such as the&nbsp;<a>emails stolen from Hillary Clinton\u2019s campaign chairman, John Podesta,<\/a>&nbsp;following&nbsp;<a>successful spearphishing attacks<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Who are these operators, why are they so skilled and what are they up to?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>Back to the 1980s<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Russian cyberthreat dates back to at least 1986 when Cliff Stoll, then a system administrator at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, linked a 75-cent accounting error to intrusions into the lab\u2019s computers. The hacker was after military secrets, downloading documents with important keywords such as \u201cnuclear.\u201d A lengthy investigation, described in Stoll\u2019s book \u201c<a>The Cuckoo\u2019s Egg<\/a>,\u201d led to a German hacker who was selling the stolen data to what was then the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the late 1990s, Russian cyberespionage had grown to include the multi-year \u201c<a>Moonlight Maze<\/a>\u201d intrusions into U.S. military and other government computers, foretelling the massive espionage from Russia today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The 1990s also saw the arrest of&nbsp;<a>Vladimir Levin<\/a>, a computer operator in St. Petersburg. Levin tried to steal more than US$10 million by hacking Citibank accounts, foreshadowing Russia\u2019s prominence in cybercrime. And Russian hackers defaced U.S. websites during the&nbsp;<a>Kosovo conflict<\/a>, portending Russia\u2019s extensive use of disruptive and damaging cyberattacks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>Conducting advanced attacks<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In more recent years, Russia has been behind some of the most sophisticated cyberattacks on record. The&nbsp;<a>2015 cyberattack on three of Ukraine\u2019s regional power distribution companies<\/a>&nbsp;knocked out power to almost a quarter-million people. Cybersecurity analysts from the Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center and the SANS Institute reported that the multi-staged attacks were conducted by a \u201c<a>highly structured and resourced actor<\/a>.\u201d Ukraine&nbsp;<a>blamed the attacks on Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The attackers used a&nbsp;<a>variety of techniques<\/a>&nbsp;and adapted to the targets they faced. They used&nbsp;<a>spearphishing<\/a>&nbsp;email messages to gain initial access to systems. They installed \u201c<a>BlackEnergy<\/a>\u201d malware to establish remote control over the infected devices. They harvested credentials to move through the networks. They developed custom malicious firmware to render system control devices inoperable. They hijacked the&nbsp;<a>Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition<\/a>&nbsp;system to open circuit breakers in substations. They used \u201c<a>KillDisk<\/a>\u201d malware to erase the master boot record of affected systems. The attackers even went so far as to strike the control stations\u2019 battery backups and tie up the energy company\u2019s call center with&nbsp;<a>thousands of calls<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Russians&nbsp;<a>returned in 2016<\/a>&nbsp;with more advanced tools to take down a major artery of Ukraine\u2019s power grid. Russia is believed to have also invaded energy companies in the U.S., including those operating&nbsp;<a>nuclear power plants<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>Top-notch cybereducation<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russia has many skilled cyberoperators, and for good reason: Their&nbsp;<a>educational system emphasizes information technology<\/a>&nbsp;and computer science, more so than in the U.S.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every year, Russian schools take a disproportionate number of the top spots in the&nbsp;<a>International Collegiate Programming Contest<\/a>. In the 2016 contest, St. Petersburg State University took the top spot for the fifth time in a row, and four other Russian schools also made the top 12. In 2017, St. Petersburg ITMO University won, with two other Russian schools also placing in the top 12. The top U.S. school ranked 13th.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Russia prepared to form a cyberbranch within its military, Minister of Defense&nbsp;<a>Sergei Shoigu<\/a>&nbsp;took note of Russian students\u2019 performance in the contest. \u201cWe have to work with these guys somehow, because we need them badly,\u201d he said in a public meeting with university administrators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>Who are these Russian cyberwarriors?<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russia employs cyberwarriors within its military and&nbsp;<a>intelligence services<\/a>. Indeed, the cyberespionage groups dubbed APT28 (aka Fancy Bear) and APT29 (aka Cozy Bear and The Dukes) are believed to&nbsp;<a>correspond to Russia\u2019s military intelligence agency GRU and its state security organization FSB,<\/a>&nbsp;respectively. Both groups have been implicated in hundreds of cyberoperations over the past decade, including U.S. election hacking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russia&nbsp;<a>recruits cyberwarriors<\/a>&nbsp;from its colleges, but also from the cybersecurity and cybercrime sectors. It is said to turn a&nbsp;<a>blind eye<\/a>&nbsp;to its criminal hackers as long as they avoid Russian targets and use their skills to aid the government. According to&nbsp;<a>Dmitri Alperovitch<\/a>, co-founder of the security firm CrowdStrike, when Moscow identifies a talented cybercriminal, any pending criminal case against the person is dropped and the hacker disappears into the Russian intelligence services.&nbsp;<a>Evgeniy Mikhailovich Bogachev<\/a>,&nbsp;<a>wanted by the FBI<\/a>&nbsp;with a reward of $3 million for cybercrimes, is also on the&nbsp;<a>Obama administration\u2019s list of people sanctioned<\/a>&nbsp;in response to interference in the U.S. election. Bogachev is said to work \u201c<a>under the supervision of a special unit of the FSB<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>Allies outside official channels<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Besides its in-house capabilities, the Russian government has access to hackers and the Russian media. Analyst Sarah Geary at cybersecurity firm FireEye&nbsp;<a>reported that the hackers<\/a>&nbsp;\u201cdisseminate propaganda on behalf of Moscow, develop cybertools for Russian intelligence agencies like the FSB and GRU, and hack into networks and databases in support of Russian security objectives.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many seemingly independent \u201c<a>patriotic hackers<\/a>\u201d operate on Russia\u2019s behalf. Most notably, they attacked critical systems in&nbsp;<a>Estonia in 2007<\/a>&nbsp;over the relocation of a Soviet-era memorial,&nbsp;<a>Georgia in 2008<\/a>&nbsp;during the Russo-Georgian War and&nbsp;<a>Ukraine in 2014<\/a>&nbsp;in connection with the conflict between the two countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the very least, the Russian government condones, even encourages, these hackers. After some of the Estonian attacks were traced back to Russia,&nbsp;<a>Moscow turned down<\/a>&nbsp;Estonia\u2019s request for help \u2013 even as a commissar in Russia\u2019s pro-Kremlin youth movement Nashi&nbsp;<a>admitted launching some of the attacks<\/a>. And when Slavic Union hackers successfully attacked Israeli websites in 2006,&nbsp;<a>Deputy Duma Director Nikolai Kuryanovich<\/a>&nbsp;gave the group a certificate of appreciation. He noted that \u201ca small force of hackers is stronger than the multi-thousand force of the current armed forces.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While some patriotic hackers may indeed operate independently of Moscow, others seem to have strong ties.&nbsp;<a>Cyber Berkut<\/a>, one of the groups that conducted cyberattacks against Ukraine, including its central election site, is said to be a&nbsp;<a>front for Russian state-sponsored<\/a>&nbsp;cyberactivity. And Russia\u2019s espionage group&nbsp;<a>APT28 is said to have operated under the guise of the ISIS-associated CyberCaliphate<\/a>&nbsp;while attacking the French station TV5 Monde and taking over the Twitter account of U.S. Central Command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>One of many cyberthreats<\/b><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although Russia poses a major cyberthreat, it is not the only country that threatens the U.S. in cyberspace.&nbsp;<a>China, Iran and North Korea<\/a>&nbsp;are also countries with strong cyberattack capabilities, and more countries will join the pool as they develop their people\u2019s skills.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The good news is that&nbsp;<a>actions to protect an organization\u2019s cybersecurity<\/a>&nbsp;(such as monitoring access to sensitive files) that work against Russia also work against other threat actors. The bad news is that many organizations do not take those steps. Further, hackers find new vulnerabilities in devices and exploit the weakest link of all \u2013&nbsp;<a>humans<\/a>. Whether cyberdefenses will evolve to avert a major calamity, from Russia or anywhere else, remains to be seen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i><a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/tracing-the-sources-of-todays-russian-cyberthreat-81593\">This article was originally published on The Conversation.<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Who are these operators, why are they so skilled and what are they up to?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":80529,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_acf":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":10,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_smg_distribution_targets":[]},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"coauthors":[7442],"class_list":["post-27494","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cyber"],"acf":{"subheadline":"","legacy_arc_id":"ROHCEZKXFJBYHAMNKCC7RRR6LU","arc_canonical_url":"\/opinion\/2017\/08\/16\/tracing-the-sources-of-todays-russian-cyberthreat-commentary\/","remove_feature_photo":false,"is_sponsored":false,"subtype":"","redirect_url":"","disable_inline_ads":false,"native_logo_pretext":"Presented By:"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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