{"id":22592,"date":"2020-09-09T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-09T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/defensenews\/uncategorized\/2020\/09\/09\/differences-in-technologies-could-have-led-fcc-astray\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T17:56:09","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T17:56:09","slug":"differences-in-technologies-could-have-led-fcc-astray","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/defensenews\/commentary\/2020\/09\/09\/differences-in-technologies-could-have-led-fcc-astray\/","title":{"rendered":"Differences in technologies could have led FCC astray"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAstounded,\u201d shocked\u201d and \u201cdismayed\u201d were some of the adjectives used by a vast array of experts to describe the Federal Communications Commission\u2019s April decision to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.c4isrnet.com\/breaking-news\/2020\/04\/17\/fcc-has-votes-to-approve-spectrum-plan-pentagon-rejected\/\" target=_blank>approve an application by Ligado Networks<\/a>. Government testing had shown that Ligado\u2019s operations would <a href=\"https:\/\/www.c4isrnet.com\/breaking-news\/2020\/04\/10\/fcc-to-approve-spectrum-plan-that-pentagon-claims-will-harm-gps\/\" target=_blank>interfere with reception of GPS signals<\/a> for many users. The application had been strenuously opposed by the executive branch, particularly the departments of Defense and Transportation, and myriad industry and citizen groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before the decision was announced most had considered the issue safely dead. Yet, the FCC approved the application in the face of this overwhelming opposition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By way of explanation, the commission said its technical experts had concluded that interference with GPS signals was unlikely. And if it did occur, it would be very minor. Unfortunately, they offered no analysis or technical evidence to support the claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This left many scratching their heads as to how government experts at the FCC could come up with findings so different from government experts at the departments of Defense and Transportation. <\/p>\n\n\n\t<aside class=\"smg-interstitial-link wp-block-smg-interstitial-link\">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/c4isrnet\/opinion\/2020\/04\/22\/fcc-and-ligado-are-undermining-gps-and-with-it-our-economy-and-national-security\/\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__media\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/GettyImages-996393522.jpg.jpg?w=300\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"smg-interstitial-link__kicker\">Related<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"smg-interstitial-link__title\">FCC and Ligado are undermining GPS \u2013 and with it, our economy and national security<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"smg-interstitial-link__excerpt\">&quot;We expect the FCC to resolve Department of Defense concerns before moving forward, as required by law,&quot; the Big Four defense authorizers write in this commentary. &quot;If they do not, and unless President Trump intervenes to stop this from moving forward, it will be up to Congress to clean up this mess.&quot;<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/aside>\n\t\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is a growing school of thought that the answer to \u201cHow could they do that?\u201d is not a matter of realpolitik or commercial scheming. Rather, it lies in the fundamentally different ways communications and navigation systems use the airwaves. And that the communications engineers at the Federal Communications Commission unconsciously used inappropriate criteria in their analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This seems to be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.c4isrnet.com\/congress\/2020\/07\/16\/dozens-of-lawmakers-are-opposed-to-ligados-plan-can-they-undo-the-fccs-decision\/\" target=_blank>the thinking behind a provision<\/a> in the Senate version of the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act. It directs tasking \u201cthe National Academies of Science and Engineering for an independent technical review of the order to provide additional technical evaluation to review Ligado\u2019s and DOD\u2019s approaches to testing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cGPS and communications systems are entirely different,\u201d said Brad Parkinson of Stanford University, the original chief architect of GPS. \u201cCommunications is about strong signals with an unknown message pushing through the background noise so the receiver can read the ones and zeros. GPS receivers look for a known, but very weak messages down within the background noise. They precisely measure the time between the ones and zeros. Typically, GPS receivers resolve time of arrival to 1 billionth of a second or better.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"907\" height=\"637\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/art.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47891\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/art.jpg.jpg 907w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/art.jpg.jpg?resize=300,211 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/art.jpg.jpg?resize=768,539 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 907px) 100vw, 907px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another important difference is that some interference is tolerable in communications. A bit of static, or even a momentary break, often does not prevent the message from getting through. And in two-way communications, like a cellphone call, one party can just ask for the message to be repeated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not so in navigation. Long experience has shown that one of the first effects of interference with many navigation receivers is hazardously misleading information. The receivers \u201cwander off\u201d before they cease giving information altogether. And once an interference source knocks it offline, a GPS receiver will often not be able to function again until the source is long gone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GPS advocates like to point out: \u201cThere aren\u2019t any do-overs in navigation. No \u2018say again\u2019 or \u2018please repeat that.\u2019 \u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And while both communications and navigation are very important, navigation has a greater and more immediate impact on safety of life in far more instances. Disruptions in navigation signals threaten all forms of transportation, much of it at high speed. Examples documented in the last 18 months have included a passenger aircraft nearly hitting a mountain, and the crash of a large drone that could have injured or killed someone on the ground. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This impact on safety of life has compelled the Department of Transportation to include a safety buffer when evaluating systems that might interfere with GPS signals. This helps ensure navigation is never impacted. This safety buffer is much like weight limits established for vehicles crossing a bridge. The limits help ensure the bridge never approaches its breaking point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The criteria used by the engineers at the FCC seems more like what they might have used when evaluating possible interference with a communications system. \u201cA little\u201d interference could be acceptable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A little interference in your car radio could mean a some static while you are jamming to the oldies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In tests, interference with GPS has driven some cars off the road.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To be fair, most of the FCC tasking and work since it was established in 1934 has focused on communications issues. Spectrum management has likely been viewed as a tool in support of that mission, rather than a goal in and of its own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yet, in 2020, spectrum is increasingly used by far more applications and in diverse ways that are often very difficult to call \u201ccommunications.\u201d GPS, radar, advanced sensors, space-based Earth observation, radar altimeters for aircraft, intelligent and autonomous transportation systems, WiFi, weather forecasting \u2014 they all use spectrum and\/or depend upon a stable and predictable spectrum environment. And as technologies continue to evolve, this will only increase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps it is time to recharter the FCC as the \u201cFederal Spectrum Commission.\u201d It would undoubtedly still have to make hard, perhaps controversial, decisions. But perhaps it would be more likely to fully appreciate the needs of all radio frequency users, and publish technically convincing analyses to support their decisions and reassure stakeholders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Dana A. Goward is the president of the Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Perhaps it is time to recharter the Federal Communications Commission as the \u201cFederal Spectrum Commission.&#8221;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":26733,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_acf":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":66,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_smg_distribution_targets":[]},"categories":[66,160,11,36,17,48],"tags":[],"coauthors":[7569],"class_list":["post-22592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commentary","category-daily-news-roundup","category-global","category-newsletters","category-opinion","category-the-americas"],"acf":{"subheadline":"","legacy_arc_id":"BU3GXRLQDBBOVKZGAJDOFCTROU","arc_canonical_url":"\/opinion\/2020\/09\/09\/differences-in-technologies-could-have-led-fcc-astray\/","remove_feature_photo":false,"is_sponsored":false,"subtype":"","redirect_url":"","disable_inline_ads":false,"native_logo_pretext":"Presented By:"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Differences in technologies could have led FCC astray - Defense News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Perhaps it is time to recharter the Federal Communications Commission as the \u201cFederal Spectrum Commission.&quot;\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Differences in technologies could have led FCC astray\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Perhaps it is time to recharter the Federal Communications Commission as the \u201cFederal Spectrum Commission.&quot;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/defensenews\/commentary\/2020\/09\/09\/differences-in-technologies-could-have-led-fcc-astray\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Defense News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-09-09T09:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-08T17:56:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dana A. 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