{"id":66747,"date":"2024-03-13T14:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-13T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/defensenews\/uncategorized\/2024\/03\/13\/its-time-to-appreciate-energys-influence-upon-sea-power\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T01:03:45","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T01:03:45","slug":"its-time-to-appreciate-energys-influence-upon-sea-power","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/defensenews\/opinion\/2024\/03\/13\/its-time-to-appreciate-energys-influence-upon-sea-power\/","title":{"rendered":"It\u2019s time to appreciate energy\u2019s influence upon sea power"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>This is the fifth commentary in a multipart series exploring ways to strengthen the U.S. Navy\u2019s fleet. The first part is <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/opinion\/2023\/10\/05\/japan-south-korea-and-the-us-should-mirror-aukus-for-destroyers\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>here<\/i><\/a><i>, the second <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/opinion\/2023\/12\/04\/reloading-vertical-missile-tubes-at-sea-is-within-a-crane-arms-reach\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>here<\/i><\/a><i>, the third <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/opinion\/2024\/01\/17\/repair-deployed-ships-in-theater-to-optimize-combat-power\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>here<\/i><\/a><i> and the fourth <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/opinion\/2024\/02\/06\/want-an-interchangeable-naval-force-expand-foreign-exchanges\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>here<\/i><\/a><i>.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is no more valued attribute, as famed naval tactician Wayne Hughes declared, than \u201cthe number of ships &#8230; a fleet can have.\u201d But ships must be sustained \u2014 something the naval officer Alfred Thayer Mahan recognized nearly a century earlier when he <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/letterspapersofa0003maha\/mode\/2up\" target=\"_blank\">wrote<\/a>: \u201cFuel stands first in importance of the resources necessary to a fleet.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The U.S. Navy spent nearly $3.9 billion on operational fuel in fiscal 2022 alone, roughly the <a href=\"https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/weapons\/RL32109.pdf#page=2\" target=\"_blank\">cost<\/a> of two Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. In terms of scale, the Department of Defense is the <a href=\"https:\/\/watson.brown.edu\/costsofwar\/files\/cow\/imce\/papers\/Pentagon%20Fuel%20Use%2C%20Climate%20Change%20and%20the%20Costs%20of%20War%20Revised%20November%202019%20Crawford.pdf#page=2\" target=\"_blank\">world\u2019s largest institutional user of energy<\/a>, consuming more than corporations like Amazon or developed nations like Sweden and Portugal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Energy \u2014 specifically fuel \u2014 thus becomes a central planning consideration for any globally present maritime strategy. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.navy.mil\/Press-Office\/Speeches\/display-speeches\/Article\/3265955\/secnav-delivers-remarks-at-surface-navy-association-symposium\/#:~:text=one%20tactic%20to%20keep%20our%20ships%20out%20of%20ports%20and%20in%20the%20fight.%20Refuel%20and%20Resupply%20are%20just%20as%20critical\" target=\"_blank\">the words<\/a> of Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro, refueling options are essential \u201cto keep our ships out of ports and in the fight.\u201d And as Mahan noted: \u201cThe distribution and storage of fuel is, therefore, eminently a strategic question.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A return to nuclear power could address many of these surface combatant endurance challenges. But such an approach is costly and unlikely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead, four programmatic and policy choices can build energy resilience and maximize efficiencies in the fleet, which can yield innumerable benefits as the Navy designs, employs and sustains its force deep into this century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>1. Expand in-theater, at-sea refueling options to increase capacity and accelerate mobilization timelines.<\/b> Beyond the Navy secretary, senior uniformed leaders <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defense.gov\/News\/News-Stories\/Article\/Article\/3376612\/general-expresses-concerns-over-readiness-in-sealift-air-refueling\/\" target=\"_blank\">at U.S. Transportation Command<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airandspaceforces.com\/indopacom-nominee-logistics-aerial-refueling\/\" target=\"_blank\">in the Pacific<\/a> have highlighted the need to expand capacity. Military Sealift Command currently <a href=\"https:\/\/selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov\/sites\/evo-subsites\/selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov\/files\/evo-media-document\/1.17.2024-letter-to-navy.pdf#page=2\" target=\"_blank\">operates 32 refueling ships<\/a> \u2014 only a third of the requirement and a number that will remain stubbornly low, even as new oilers <a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R43546\/63\" target=\"_blank\">replace<\/a> their aging predecessors. The Maritime Administration\u2019s Tanker Security Program and Voluntary Tanker Agreement provide additional surge capacity in the event of a conflict or national emergency, but these reinforcements can seem like a drop in the proverbial ocean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Partnering with industry can <a href=\"https:\/\/news.usni.org\/2024\/02\/22\/u-s-navy-building-robust-logistics-framework-in-indo-pacific\" target=\"_blank\">augment<\/a> logistics force <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/gao-17-503.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">shortfalls<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/naval\/2019\/12\/31\/the-us-military-ran-the-largest-stress-test-of-its-sealift-fleet-in-years-its-in-big-trouble\/\" target=\"_blank\">Military Sealift Command<\/a> charters some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msc.usff.navy.mil\/Portals\/43\/Publications\/Annual%20Report\/MSCAnnual2023.pdf?ver=fbYjcU4-Vj_Xm5cLPbwjSQ%3d%3d#page=13\" target=\"_blank\">niche support vessels<\/a>, but identifying and contracting commercial, replenishment-capable ships that are underway could <a href=\"https:\/\/cimsec.org\/tankers-for-the-pacific-fight-a-crisis-in-capability\/#:~:text=The%20long%20supply%20chains\" target=\"_blank\">shorten<\/a> supply lines. A government-developed containerized kit, which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ndtahq.com\/navy-develops-modular-consol-capability-to-refuel-oilers-at-sea\/\" target=\"_blank\">allows<\/a> commercial tankers to pump fuel to Navy oilers in a process known as consolidated cargo replenishment at sea, is a disruptive capability that can rapidly expand at-sea refueling capacity and deserves investment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1245\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/7150324.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-112941\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/7150324.jpg.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/7150324.jpg.jpg?resize=300,182 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/7150324.jpg.jpg?resize=768,467 768w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/7150324.jpg.jpg?resize=1024,623 1024w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/7150324.jpg.jpg?resize=1536,934 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The fast combat support ship USNS Supply and the commercial tanker MT Maersk Peary conduct a replenishment at sea. (2nd Mate Daniel Hall\/U.S. Navy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such approaches would require new \u2014 but solvable \u2014 procedures to vet crews and ships, communicate securely, and integrate these commercial units into existing military logistics constructs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, public law <a href=\"https:\/\/www.maritime.dot.gov\/ports\/cargo-preference\/cargo-preference#:~:text=Cargo%20Preference%20Laws%20and%20Regulations,-The%20U.S.%20uses&#038;text=The%20Military%20Cargo%20Preference%20Act,this%20means%20all%20military%20cargo.\" target=\"_blank\">mandates<\/a> all military cargo to be carried aboard U.S.-flagged vessels. Congress should revisit this statutory requirement and authorize the use of tankers registered to treaty allies so we can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/outlook\/2023\/12\/04\/del-toro-aims-to-reinvigorate-us-shipping-to-strengthen-fleet\/\" target=\"_blank\">leverage our trusted partners\u2019 capacity<\/a> and overcome domestic constraints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>2. Establish a single-fuel standard for ships and aircraft to increase operational flexibility.<\/b> Combatants carry two different fuels on board in separate fuel systems because while shipboard gas turbine engines are <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/tr\/pdf\/ADA248542.pdf#page=26\" target=\"_blank\">capable<\/a> of burning multiple types of fuel, their embarked helicopters only use a single high-grade variant called JP5 in the maritime environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Complicating matters, the managers who oversee surface and aviation fuel standards, purchasing, and distribution reside in different Navy systems commands and do not always reach consensus when evaluating engineering, supply chain and operational risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Economically, the U.S. Navy is one of the few consumers of JP5, which sends a weak demand signal to industry. A single naval fuel \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/tr\/pdf\/ADA416087.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">whether JP5<\/a> or a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/smr\/energy-and-environment\/\" target=\"_blank\">different alternative<\/a> entirely \u2014 would increase demand for specialized mixtures and lower artificially high prices through economies of scale. It would also align with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/pentagon\/2024\/01\/11\/pentagons-first-industrial-strategy-calls-for-generational-change\/\" target=\"_blank\">recently released<\/a> National Defense Industrial Strategy\u2019s priority of resilient supply chains by simplifying purchasing, transportation and distribution logistics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Technologically, a <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/trecms\/pdf\/AD1167318.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">single-fuel standard<\/a> for ships would also result in a finer-grade fuel, <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/tr\/pdf\/ADA248542.pdf#page=33\" target=\"_blank\">which could<\/a> enhance system performance, allow engineers to revisit underway maintenance periodicity assumptions and identify manpower efficiencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thankfully, engineering problems beget solutions \u2014 and few fuels are unburnable. Additives can alter fuel properties to make it suitable for shipboard use without damaging tanks or systems. And improved purification methods, gasket materials and engine modifications can safeguard equipment during storage and operation. <a href=\"https:\/\/afdc.energy.gov\/fuels\/sustainable_aviation_fuel.html\" target=\"_blank\">New mixtures<\/a> are also becoming more ubiquitous \u2014 many with favorable properties \u2014 and they should be tested for shipboard use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In short, we can transform vulnerabilities into strengths while preparing for a <a href=\"https:\/\/wwwcdn.imo.org\/localresources\/en\/OurWork\/Environment\/Documents\/FFT%20Project\/MEPC80-INF.10%20-%20Summary%20report%20on%20the%20study%20.PDF#page=18\" target=\"_blank\">transition<\/a> to biofuels and alternatives, which the International Maritime Organization and experts agree are the energy future \u2014 albeit one that will require time and platform design changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>3. Retrofit energy-efficient systems aboard combatants to maximize operational endurance.<\/b> To date, many programmatic efforts to field energy-efficient, shipboard systems have been focused on new production and forward fitting. But with a current force of 73 guided-missile destroyers, applying selected hull, mechanical and electrical <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/trecms\/pdf\/AD1164919.pdf#page=31\" target=\"_blank\">improvements<\/a> to today\u2019s force can yield tens of millions of dollars in annual <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/pdfs\/AD1164919.pdf#page=71\" target=\"_blank\">savings<\/a> that can be redirected toward other priorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apart from upgrades to shipboard generators and electrical distribution systems, additional gains can be realized by replacing large current-drawing appliances like heating, ventilation and air conditioning units \u2014 or even the dish-washing scullery. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rivieramm.com\/news-content-hub\/news-content-hub\/hvac-boosting-energy-savings-and-sustainability-75958\" target=\"_blank\">For example<\/a>, the cruise industry found that a 30% enhancement in air conditioning efficiency leads to 5% annual fuel savings \u2014 a staggering $193 million if applied to the Navy. Similarly, the Air Force <a href=\"https:\/\/www.safie.hq.af.mil\/Portals\/78\/documents\/IEN\/Value%20of%20Data%20Leave-Behind.pdf?ver=WE2dKN_NMyGY21Kr3KeX3Q%3d%3d#page=2\" target=\"_blank\">calculated<\/a> that a 1% energy efficiency improvement fuels 8,000 additional sorties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And seemingly insignificant actions can make a sizable and compounding impact: When United Airlines <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/business\/la-fi-travel-briefcase-united-inflight-magazine-20180120-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">moved to a lighter-weight paper<\/a> for its inflight magazine, a 1 ounce difference amounted to 170,000 gallons and $290,000 dollars in annual savings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>4. Improve data capture and analysis to guide operations more efficiently.<\/b> The surface force still relies on manual processes to collect and submit fuel data, interpret predictive graphical curves, and estimate fuel percentages. But reporting methods, proficiency and even units of measurement can vary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A better option would be to digitize these analog-intensive processes, apply machine-learning algorithms and mirror the Air Force\u2019s Operational Energy Data Collection Strategy that has saved the service <a href=\"https:\/\/www.safie.hq.af.mil\/Portals\/78\/documents\/2022%20Annual%20Report%20-%20APPROVED.pdf?ver=hOdE83IFyRv1NIoELrYY6g%3d%3d3#page=10\" target=\"_blank\">$31 million per year<\/a>. Meanwhile, the Defense Logistics Agency should continue investigating options to securely automate fuel sensing and collection to standardize application across the Department of Defense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, while stakeholders across the enterprise incorporate energy data into policies and plans, coordination can be streamlined. For instance, operations researchers at the Naval Postgraduate School have occasionally delved into these issues, and the Navy sends a few supply officers each year to the University of Kansas business school\u2019s petroleum management program. However, no formal link exists between academia and organizations like the Office of Naval Research. Much like the Naval War College\u2019s advanced research programs, such connections could help guide research questions, create unity of effort and align intellectual capital with operational requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In times of strained capacity, and given American supply chains that span the Earth\u2019s surface, new sustainment approaches can extend the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/naval\/2024\/01\/09\/seeking-75-ready-ships-navy-turns-to-new-readiness-orgs\/\" target=\"_blank\">surface force\u2019s operational staying power<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Mahan noted: \u201cWithout ammunition, a ship may run away, hoping to fight another day, but without fuel she can neither run, nor reach her station, nor remain on it, if remote, nor fight.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Cmdr. Douglas Robb commanded the U.S. Navy\u2019s guided-missile destroyer Spruance and is currently a U.S. Navy fellow at the University of Oxford, where Ensign James Potticary earned a Master of Science degree in energy systems and <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/ora.ox.ac.uk\/objects\/uuid:78cc4455-02ab-43fd-8485-df9d8a7c8d76\/files\/d7h149q554\" target=\"_blank\"><i>wrote a dissertation<\/i><\/a><i> exploring the feasibility of alternative fuel sources for U.S. Navy ships. The opinions expressed in this commentary are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the U.S. Defense Department, the Department of the Navy nor the U.S. government.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>This is the fifth commentary in a multipart series exploring ways to strengthen the U.S. Navy\u2019s fleet. The first part is <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/opinion\/2023\/10\/05\/japan-south-korea-and-the-us-should-mirror-aukus-for-destroyers\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>here<\/i><\/a><i>, the second <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/opinion\/2023\/12\/04\/reloading-vertical-missile-tubes-at-sea-is-within-a-crane-arms-reach\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>here<\/i><\/a><i>, the third <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/opinion\/2024\/01\/17\/repair-deployed-ships-in-theater-to-optimize-combat-power\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>here<\/i><\/a><i> and the fourth <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/opinion\/2024\/02\/06\/want-an-interchangeable-naval-force-expand-foreign-exchanges\/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>here<\/i><\/a><i>.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here are four moves that could build energy resilience and maximize efficiencies in the U.S. Navy&#8217;s fleet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":118479,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_acf":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":17,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_smg_distribution_targets":[]},"categories":[160,141,16,36,17,30],"tags":[],"coauthors":[3474,4892],"class_list":["post-66747","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-news-roundup","category-energy-and-environment","category-naval","category-newsletters","category-opinion","category-smr"],"acf":{"subheadline":"","legacy_arc_id":"H5DJW4J2RRCALI7NYDYJ6HIOLQ","arc_canonical_url":"\/opinion\/2024\/03\/13\/its-time-to-appreciate-energys-influence-upon-sea-power\/","remove_feature_photo":false,"is_sponsored":false,"subtype":"","redirect_url":"","disable_inline_ads":false,"native_logo_pretext":"Presented By:"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>It\u2019s time to appreciate energy\u2019s influence upon sea power - Defense News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Here are four moves that could build energy resilience and maximize efficiencies in the U.S. Navy&#039;s fleet.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"It\u2019s time to appreciate energy\u2019s influence upon sea power\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Here are four moves that could build energy resilience and maximize efficiencies in the U.S. Navy&#039;s fleet.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/defensenews\/opinion\/2024\/03\/13\/its-time-to-appreciate-energys-influence-upon-sea-power\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Defense News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-03-13T14:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-08T01:03:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Cmdr. Douglas Robb, Ensign James Potticary\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Cmdr. Douglas Robb, Ensign James Potticary\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\n\t    \"@context\": \"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\n\t    \"@graph\": [\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"Article\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/defensenews\\\/opinion\\\/2024\\\/03\\\/13\\\/its-time-to-appreciate-energys-influence-upon-sea-power\\\/#article\",\n\t            \"isPartOf\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/defensenews\\\/opinion\\\/2024\\\/03\\\/13\\\/its-time-to-appreciate-energys-influence-upon-sea-power\\\/\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"author\": {\n\t                \"name\": \"migration\",\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/defensenews\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/cc76c831bb37a926738c8391fca7a3b1\"\n\t            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