{"id":49738,"date":"2018-04-22T15:14:48","date_gmt":"2018-04-22T15:14:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/marinecorpstimes\/uncategorized\/2018\/04\/22\/road-to-north-koreas-denuclearization-is-littered-with-failure\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T09:37:23","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T09:37:23","slug":"road-to-north-koreas-denuclearization-is-littered-with-failure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/marinecorpstimes\/flashpoints\/2018\/04\/22\/road-to-north-koreas-denuclearization-is-littered-with-failure\/","title":{"rendered":"Road to North Korea\u2019s denuclearization is littered with failure"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SEOUL, South Korea \u2014 Bill Clinton offered oil and reactors. George W. Bush mixed threats and aid. Barack Obama stopped trying after a rocket launch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A decades-long cycle of crises, stalemates and broken promises gave North Korea the room to build up a legitimate arsenal that now includes purported thermonuclear warheads and developmental ICBMs. The North\u2019s latest announcement stopped well short of suggesting it has any intention of giving that up.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<aside class=\"smg-interstitial-link wp-block-smg-interstitial-link\">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/militarytimes\/flashpoints\/2018\/04\/20\/seoul-north-korean-leader-removes-major-nuclear-sticking-point\/\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__media\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18108184212593.jpg.jpg?w=300\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"smg-interstitial-link__kicker\">Related<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"smg-interstitial-link__title\">Seoul: North Korean leader removes major nuclear sticking point<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"smg-interstitial-link__excerpt\">South Korean President Moon Jae-in said Thursday that his rival, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, isn\u2019t asking for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the Korean Peninsula as a precondition for abandoning his nuclear weapons. If true, this would seem to remove a major sticking point to a potential nuclear disarmament deal.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/aside>\n\t\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">South Korean President Moon Jae-in meets with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Friday to kick off a new round of high-stakes nuclear diplomacy with Pyongyang. The inter-Korean summit could set up more substantial discussions between Kim and President Donald Trump, who said he plans to meet the dictator he previously called \u201cLittle Rocket Man\u201d in May or June.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A look at previous negotiations with North Korea and how the currently planned summits took shape:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>1994<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Clinton administration in October 1994 reached a major nuclear agreement with Pyongyang, ending months of war fears triggered by North Korea\u2019s threat to withdraw from the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and convert its stockpile of nuclear fuel into bombs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the \u201cAgreed Framework,\u201d North Korea halted construction of two reactors the United States believed were for nuclear weapons production in return for two alternative nuclear power reactors that could be used to provide electricity but not bomb fuel, and 500,000 metric tons of fuel oil annually for the North.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"665\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111356460896.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-93524\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111356460896.jpg.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111356460896.jpg.jpg?resize=300,195 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111356460896.jpg.jpg?resize=768,499 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">In this Oct. 18, 1994, file photo, President Bill Clinton looks on as Assistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci meets reporters in the White House briefing room. Clinton offered oil and reactors. George W. Bush mixed threats and aid. Barack Obama stopped trying after a rocket launch.  While Seoul and Washington welcomed Pyongyang\u2019s declaration on Saturday, April 21, 2018,  to suspend further intercontinental ballistic missile tests and shut down its nuclear test site, the past is littered with failure. (Marcy Nighswander\/AP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The deal was tested quickly. North Korea complained about delayed oil shipments and construction of the reactors, which were never delivered. The United States criticized the North\u2019s pursuit of ballistic missile capability, demonstrated in the launch of a two-stage rocket over Japan in 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Agreed Framework further lost political support in Washington with the inauguration of Bush, who in his first State of the Union address in January 2002 grouped North Korea with Iran and Iraq as parts of an \u201caxis of evil.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The deal collapsed for good months later after U.S. officials confronted North Korea over a clandestine nuclear program using enriched uranium. Washington stopped the oil shipments and Pyongyang restarted its nuclear weapons program.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<aside class=\"smg-interstitial-link wp-block-smg-interstitial-link\">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/militarytimes\/flashpoints\/2018\/04\/19\/trump-says-he-may-leave-summit-with-north-korea-leader-if-meeting-not-fruitful\/\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__media\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\" src=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18108831678302.jpg.jpg?w=300\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"smg-interstitial-link__kicker\">Related<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"smg-interstitial-link__title\">Trump leaves open possibility of bailing on meeting with North Korea leader<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"smg-interstitial-link__excerpt\">President Donald Trump said that although he\u2019s looking ahead optimistically to a historic summit meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un he could still pull out if he feels it\u2019s \u201cnot going to be fruitful.\u201d<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/aside>\n\t\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>2005<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Responding to Washington\u2019s toughened stance, North Korea announced in 2003 that it obtained a nuclear device and would withdraw from the Nonproliferation Treaty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This brought the United States back to the negotiating table with the North, and six-party talks also involving South Korea, China, Japan and Russia began in Beijing in August 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After months of fiery negotiations, North Korea accepted a deal in September 2005 to end its nuclear weapons program in exchange for security, economic and energy benefits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"661\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111355628939.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-93527\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111355628939.jpg.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111355628939.jpg.jpg?resize=300,194 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111355628939.jpg.jpg?resize=768,496 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">In this Aug. 27, 2003, file photo, heads of six-nation delegation join hands before they start their talks over North Korea&#8217;s nuclear crisis in Beijing. From left Mitoji Yabunaka, director-general for Asian and Oceanian Affairs Bureau of the Foreign Ministry of Japan, James Kelly, U.S. assistant secretary, Kim Yong Il, North Korea&#8217;s deputy foreign minister, Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister Wang Yi, Alexander Losiukov, Russian deputy foreign minister, Lee Soo-Hyuck, South Korean deputy minister of foreign affairs and trade. (Ng Han Guan\/AP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the agreement was shaky from the start as it came just days after the U.S. Treasury Department ordered American banks to sever relations with a Macau bank accused of helping North Korea launder money from drug trafficking and other illicit activities, which hampered Pyongyang\u2019s international financial transactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Disagreements between Washington and Pyongyang over the financial punishment of Banco Delta Asia temporarily derailed the six-nation talks. In October 2006, the North went on to conduct its first nuclear test.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<aside class=\"smg-interstitial-link wp-block-smg-interstitial-link\">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/militarytimes\/flashpoints\/2018\/04\/09\/us-official-says-north-korean-leader-ready-to-discuss-nukes\/\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__media\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"184\" src=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18098812347725.jpg.jpg?w=300\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"smg-interstitial-link__kicker\">Related<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"smg-interstitial-link__title\">US official says North Korean leader ready to discuss nukes<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"smg-interstitial-link__excerpt\">North Korea\u2019s government has communicated with the United States to say that leader Kim Jong Un is ready to discuss his nuclear weapons program with President Donald Trump, officials said Sunday, increasing the likelihood that the unprecedented summit will actually occur.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/aside>\n\t\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>2007<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">North Korea agreed to resume the six-nation disarmament talks a few weeks after the nuclear test. In February 2007, the United States and the four other countries reached an agreement to provide North Korea with an aid package worth about $400 million in return for the North disabling its nuclear facilities and allowing international inspectors back into the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">North Korea demolished the cooling tower at its Nyongbyon reactor site in June 2008. But in September, the North declared that it would resume reprocessing plutonium, complaining that Washington wasn\u2019t fulfilling its promise to remove the country from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"919\" height=\"1024\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111356804245.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-93531\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111356804245.jpg.jpg 919w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111356804245.jpg.jpg?resize=269,300 269w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111356804245.jpg.jpg?resize=768,856 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">In this June 27, 2008, file photo released by China&#8217;s Xinhua News Agency, the cooling tower of the Nyongbyon nuclear complex is demolished in Nyongbyon, also known as Yongbyon, North Korea.  (Gao Haorong\/Xinhua via AP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Bush administration removed North Korea from the list in October 2008 after the country agreed to continue disabling its nuclear plant. However, a final attempt by Bush to complete an agreement to fully dismantle North Korea\u2019s nuclear weapons program collapsed in December when the North refused to accept U.S.-proposed verification methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The six-nation talks have stalled since then. The North conducted its second nuclear test in May 2009, months after Obama took office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>2012<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Months after taking power following the death of his father, current North Korean leader Kim reached a deal with the Obama administration in February 2012 to suspend nuclear weapons and missile tests and uranium enrichment and to also allow international inspectors to monitor its nuclear activities in exchange for U.S. food aid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The United States killed the deal in April 2012 when the North launched a long-range rocket that it claimed was built for delivering satellites. The failed launch was seen by the outside world as a prohibited test of ballistic missile technology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/635896104264125941-gettyimages-475049028jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-93534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/635896104264125941-gettyimages-475049028jpg.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/635896104264125941-gettyimages-475049028jpg.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/635896104264125941-gettyimages-475049028jpg.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/635896104264125941-gettyimages-475049028jpg.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/635896104264125941-gettyimages-475049028jpg.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A North Korean soldier stands guard in front of the Unha-3 rocket at at the Sohae Satellite Launch Station in Tongchang-Ri on April 8, 2012.  North Korea has confirmed their intention to launch the rocket next week despite international condemnations.  AFP PHOTO\/ Pedro UGARTE        (Photo credit should read PEDRO UGARTE\/AFP\/Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The North criticized the United States of \u201coverreacting\u201d and launched another long-range rocket in December 2012 that it said successfully delivered a satellite into space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2013, Kim announced that his government would pursue a national \u201cbyungjin\u201d policy aimed at simultaneously seeking nuclear development and economic growth. This was seen as a clean break from the North\u2019s previous stance that mainly used the nuclear program as a bargaining chip to extract concessions from foreign governments, rather than for immediate military purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><b>2018<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">North Korea\u2019s abrupt diplomatic outreach in recent months comes after a flurry of 2017 weapons tests, including the underground detonation of an alleged thermonuclear warhead and three launches of developmental ICBMs designed to strike the U.S. mainland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inter-Korean dialogue resumed after Kim in his New Year\u2019s speech proposed talks with the South to reduce animosities and for the North to participate in February\u2019s Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. North Korea sent hundreds of people to the games, including Kim\u2019s sister, who expressed her brother\u2019s desire to meet with South Korean President Moon for a summit. South Korean officials later brokered a potential summit between Kim and Trump.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111355211037.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-93540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111355211037.jpg.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111355211037.jpg.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP18111355211037.jpg.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">In this Feb. 9, 2018 file photo, Kim Yo Jong, left, sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, shakes hands with South Korean President Moon Jae-in at the opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. (Patrick Semansky\/Pool via AP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While South Korean and U.S. officials have said Kim is likely trying to save his broken economy from heavy sanctions, some analysts see him as entering the negotiations from a position of strength after having declared his nuclear force as complete in November.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seoul has said Kim expressed genuine interest in dealing away his nuclear weapons. But North Korea for decades has been pushing a concept of \u201cdenuclearization\u201d that bears no resemblance to the American definition, vowing to pursue nuclear development unless Washington removes its troops from the Korean Peninsula and the nuclear umbrella defending South Korea and Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some experts say Kim\u2019s nuclear program is now too advanced to realistically expect a roll back to near zero.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cKim will not offer CVID at the door,\u201d said Koh Yu-hwan, a North Korea expert at Seoul\u2019s Dongguk University, who is advising Moon on his summit with Kim. He was referring to an abbreviation for the \u201ccomplete, verifiable and irreversible dismantlement\u201d of the North\u2019s nuclear weapons program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cEverything depends on whether Trump can accept a deal that puts out the \u2018early fire\u2019 \u2014 taking away the North\u2019s ICBMs and freezing and closing its known nuclear and missile production facilities \u2014 and leave the rest for future negotiations,\u201d Koh said.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>While Seoul and Washington welcomed Pyongyang\u2019s declaration on Saturday to suspend further intercontinental ballistic missile tests and shut down its nuclear test site, the past is littered with failure.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":28812,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_acf":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":8,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_smg_distribution_targets":[]},"categories":[101,8,12,25,67],"tags":[],"coauthors":[867],"class_list":["post-49738","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-news-roundup","category-flashpoints","category-news","category-newsletters","category-pentagon-congress"],"acf":{"subheadline":"","legacy_arc_id":"OUNC5STT6BDJBONEFTPFK5EBFE","arc_canonical_url":"\/flashpoints\/2018\/04\/22\/road-to-north-koreas-denuclearization-is-littered-with-failure\/","remove_feature_photo":false,"is_sponsored":false,"subtype":"","redirect_url":"","disable_inline_ads":false,"native_logo_pretext":"Presented By:"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Road to North Korea\u2019s denuclearization is littered with failure - Marine Corps Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"While Seoul and Washington welcomed Pyongyang\u2019s declaration on Saturday to suspend further intercontinental ballistic missile tests and shut down its nuclear test site, the past is littered with failure.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/militarytimes\/flashpoints\/2018\/04\/22\/road-to-north-koreas-denuclearization-is-littered-with-failure\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Road to North Korea\u2019s 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