{"id":67407,"date":"2023-04-19T21:27:20","date_gmt":"2023-04-19T21:27:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/marinecorpstimes\/uncategorized\/2023\/04\/19\/essential-reads-on-classified-documents-and-the-espionage-act\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T15:26:02","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T15:26:02","slug":"essential-reads-on-classified-documents-and-the-espionage-act","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/marinecorpstimes\/opinion\/2023\/04\/19\/essential-reads-on-classified-documents-and-the-espionage-act\/","title":{"rendered":"Essential reads on classified documents and the Espionage Act"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Editor\u2019s note: This <\/i>commentary <\/i><\/a>was first published in <\/i>The Conversation<\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The stunning arrest of 21-year-old Massachusetts Air National Guardsman Jack Teixeira on charges of illegally sharing U.S. intelligence has once again renewed questions on the handling of classified documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the discovery a decade ago of top-secret documents leaked by Edward Snowden<\/a>, questions on the vulnerability of the nation\u2019s most sensitive intelligence were only intensified after a variety of classified papers were found earlier this year in the possession of former U.S. President Donald Trump<\/a> at his home at Mar-a-Lago in Florida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teixeira is accused of<\/a> the \u201calleged unauthorized removal, retention and transmission of classified national defense information.\u201d He has not entered a plea as yet to the charges involving the leaking of U.S. intelligence<\/a>, including documents on Russian efforts in Ukraine and spying on U.S. allies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The charges carry a maximum penalty<\/a> of up to 15 years in prison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over the years, The Conversation U.S. has published numerous stories exploring the nature of classified documents \u2013 and how different motivations play a part in an individual\u2019s decision to mishandle the nation\u2019s secrets. Here are selections from those articles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. What are classified documents?<\/i><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Before coming to academia, Jeffrey Fields<\/a> worked for many years as an analyst at both the State Department and the Department of Defense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In general, Fields writes<\/a>, classified information is \u201cthe kind of material that the U.S. government or an agency deems sensitive enough to national security that access to it must be controlled and restricted.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of the three levels of classification<\/a>, a \u201cconfidential\u201d designation is the lowest and contains information whose release could damage U.S. national security, Fields explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next level is \u201csecret\u201d and refers to information whose disclosure could cause \u201cserious\u201d damage to U.S. national security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most serious designation is \u201ctop secret\u201d and means disclosure of the document could cause \u201cexceptionally grave\u201d damage to national security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Violations of the Espionage Act<\/i><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

On April 14, 2023, U.S. prosecutors charged Teixeira<\/a> in connection with violations of the Espionage Act<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joseph Ferguson<\/a> and Thomas A. Durkin<\/a> are both attorneys who specialize in and teach national security law. They explain the Espionage Act<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typically, violations of the act apply to the unauthorized gathering, possessing or transmitting of certain sensitive government information<\/a> and fall under 18 U.S.C. section 793<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ferguson and Durkin also urge patience before rendering judgment on any case involving violations of the Espionage Act, in part because of the classified nature of the potential evidence and the risk that further exposure would have on U.S. national security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Espionage Act is serious and politically loaded business,\u201d they write. \u201cThese cases are controversial and complicated in ways that counsel patience and caution before reaching conclusions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. How to fight future leaking<\/i><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cassandra Burke Robertson is a scholar of legal ethics who has studied ethical decision-making in the political sphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She points out<\/a> that criminal prosecutions alone may not be the only way to prevent the flow of classified information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It all depends on an individual\u2019s motivation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But unlike Snowden, Reality Leigh Winner<\/a> or Chelsea Manning<\/a>, Teixeira does not appear<\/a> to have wanted to right a perceived wrong or become what is known as a whistleblower.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In cases where the motive is unclear, Robertson suggests that a potential deterrent is establishing a workplace environment that encourages employees to bring potential ethical and legal violations to an internal authority for review.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Known as internal whistleblowing<\/a>, such actions may prove effective in not only protecting classified information from reaching the public but also prevent another national security embarrassment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\"The\n\n\n\n

Have an opinion?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

This article is an Op-Ed and as such, the opinions expressed are those of the author. If you would like to respond, or have an editorial of your own you would like to submit, please <\/i>email us<\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Want more perspectives like this sent straight to you? <\/i>Subscribe to get our Commentary & Opinion newsletter<\/i><\/a> once a week.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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