{"id":60030,"date":"2022-03-08T03:00:17","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T03:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/militarytimes\/uncategorized\/2022\/03\/08\/how-the-us-and-europe-helped-ukraine-prep-for-insurgency\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T02:43:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T02:43:22","slug":"how-the-us-and-europe-helped-ukraine-prep-for-insurgency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/militarytimes\/flashpoints\/ukraine\/2022\/03\/08\/how-the-us-and-europe-helped-ukraine-prep-for-insurgency\/","title":{"rendered":"How the US and Europe helped Ukraine prep for insurgency"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In recent days, Ukrainian officials and citizens have made it clear: even if the country does fall to Russia\u2019s massive invasion, the fight won\u2019t stop there. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt is high time to proceed to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.militarytimes.com\/flashpoints\/ukraine\/2022\/02\/01\/ukrainians-building-up-resistance-in-case-russia-attacks\/\" target=\"_blank\">resistance<\/a>!\u201d said defense minister Oleksiy Reznikov in a March 2 Facebook post. \u201cI appeal to the citizens who are in the territories temporarily occupied by the enemy. With your help, our army will quickly defeat and drive out the occupiers.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cHunters. Foresters. You know every path\u2026in your area,\u201d Reznikov said, adding that guerillas should \u201cleave the [Russian] tanks\u201d and target logistics convoys. \u201cThe enemy must feel that every step without invitation on Ukrainian soil may be his last.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ordinary Ukrainians near or behind enemy lines appear to be listening, resisting through both violent and non-violent means.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For some officials, that means everything is going to plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since 2018, U.S. and European officials have quietly helped Ukraine implement key portions of a total defense framework that military officials call the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.armytimes.com\/news\/your-army\/2021\/09\/09\/less-door-kicking-more-resistance-inside-army-sofs-return-to-unconventional-warfare\/\">Resistance Operating Concept<\/a>,\u201d according to a U.S. special operations official who requested anonymity to discuss the project with Military Times. The work took place over time, through interagency meetings in Kyiv and with multinational representation, the official explained. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Special Operations Command-Europe was unable to grant Military Times interview requests for resistance experts due to the ongoing conflict. The Pentagon has adopted a restrictive media posture on the war in Ukraine, denying<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2022\/02\/08\/media\/news-organizations-military-embed-reliable-sources\/index.html\"> media embed requests<\/a> and conducting routine intelligence updates on background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From civil to violent resistance: the ROC and Ukraine<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Resistance Operating Concept centers around building up the capacity of NATO members and friendly countries to mount an effective civil and military resistance if they were to face Russian invasion.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<aside class=\"smg-interstitial-link wp-block-smg-interstitial-link\">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/armytimes\/news\/your-army\/2021\/09\/09\/less-door-kicking-more-resistance-inside-army-sofs-return-to-unconventional-warfare\/\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__media\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/4779163.jpg.jpg?w=300\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"smg-interstitial-link__kicker\">Related<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"smg-interstitial-link__title\">Less door-kicking, more resistance: Inside Army SOF\u2019s return to unconventional warfare<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"smg-interstitial-link__excerpt\">The resistance operating concept is helping inform Army special operators as they focus on great power competition.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/aside>\n\t\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ROC also encourages civil disobedience and non-violent resistance in the face of enemy occupation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nations supported under the ROC are encouraged to develop the legal and organizational framework for a resistance and bring it under the official control of their armed forces. That makes it easier for resistance forces to receive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.militarytimes.com\/news\/pentagon-congress\/2022\/02\/28\/amid-fears-of-russian-air-dominance-us-to-send-anti-aircraft-stingers-to-ukraine\/\" target=\"_blank\">external training, funding and weapons<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ukraine\u2019s total defense project, which is part of a U.S.- and NATO-supported defense reform collaboration that has been ongoing since war began in 2014, resulted in such a framework last year \u2014 and not a second too soon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe ROC did help Ukraine self-evaluate [their national defense plan]&#8230;and it generated some momentum for Ukraine to catch up with their neighbors in that proper legal structure,\u201d explained the U.S. special operations official familiar with the country\u2019s resistance planning. The official added that other countries have also implemented lessons from Ukraine\u2019s combat experience against Russia in the Donbass region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kyiv\u2019s legislature passed \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sprotyv.mod.gov.ua\/docs\/zakon-pro-sprotyv\/\">On the Fundamentals of National Resistance<\/a>\u201d in July, according to a<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220224071916\/https:\/www.president.gov.ua\/en\/news\/glava-derzhavi-pidpisav-zakoni-pro-nacionalnij-sprotiv-i-zbi-69809\"> release<\/a> from president Volodymyr Zelensky\u2019s office. The legislation included \u201cimportant measures aimed at developing territorial defense and [a] resistance movement, and introducing a system of preparing the population for national resistance.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It also offers legal protections for any civilian in Ukraine who takes up arms against an occupying force, while offering the government options for disavowing or blocking counter-productive resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The law also placed Ukraine\u2019s highly capable SOF units \u2014 who have trained extensively with U.S., Canadian and European troops since 2014 \u2014 in charge of building out and coordinating insurgent forces in the event of occupation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It\u2019s not clear yet whether Ukrainian SOF are organizing and leading insurgent forces amid their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/ukraines-special-forces-hold-off-russian-offensive-on-kyivs-front-lines-11646417190\">ongoing ambushes and raids against Russian columns<\/a>. But early signs of resistance are appearing as Western nations flood the country with man-portable anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of many widely shared videos out of the conflict zone depicts a <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MarQs__\/status\/1497937754105303040?s=20\">drive-by Molotov cocktail attack<\/a> on a disabled Russian vehicle under tow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Videos emerging from Kherson, one of the few cities currently under Russian occupation, show a restive population that regularly <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/olex_scherba\/status\/1500872307199418373?s=20\">protests<\/a> and impedes occupation forces. One <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ralee85\/status\/1500795611146297347?s=21\">video<\/a> even showed protestors brawling with Russian troops as a hail of warning shots sounded in the background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Citizens in Energogar, another town in southern Ukraine, <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/KyleJGlen\/status\/1498959118689779715?s=20\">delayed a Russian advance<\/a> on the town\u2019s nuclear power plant when hundreds of residents blocked the road with vehicles, barricades and their own bodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Training materials anytime, anywhere<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ukrainian officials are doing their best to fan the flames, too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A new official website \u2014 the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/sprotyv.mod.gov.ua\/\">National Resistance Center<\/a>\u201d \u2014 run by Ukraine\u2019s Special Operations Forces offers advice and handbooks for would-be insurgents of all stripes. It also disseminates \u201cfresh news\u201d daily on protests and resistance actions in Russian-occupied areas of the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The website includes <a href=\"https:\/\/sprotyv.mod.gov.ua\/docs\/\">how-to guides<\/a> on reporting Russian troop movements, tactical medicine, <a href=\"https:\/\/sprotyv.mod.gov.ua\/docs\/bezpeka-v-interneti\/\">secure communications<\/a>, sabotage and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A 19-page \u201cpocketbook\u201d consolidates much of the training material into <a href=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/static.militarytimes.com\/assets\/pdfs\/1646691281.pdf\">a single PDF document<\/a> illustrated with various images of Vault Boy, a symbol from the Fallout video game series where players navigate a post-apocalyptic world through smarts and sabotage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notably, the website also instructs everyday citizens on how they can resist Russian occupation without taking up arms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"476\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-07-at-5.16.46-PM.png.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-67515\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-07-at-5.16.46-PM.png.png 793w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-07-at-5.16.46-PM.png.png?resize=300,180 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-07-at-5.16.46-PM.png.png?resize=768,461 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This portion of a resistance handbook published by Ukraine&#8217;s Special Operations Forces instructs readers on how to conduct sabotage operations. (Screenshot)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One page instructs office workers in any future Russian occupation administration to \u201cwork as slowly as possible,\u201d spread \u201calarming\u201d workplace rumors, \u201cdo your job badly\u201d and misplace documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implications beyond Ukraine<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The adoption of total defense isn\u2019t unique to Ukraine, though the Eastern European country of more than 40 million is poised to be a test-case of these principles in action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In recent years, other countries across Europe have quietly updated their national defense plans to lay the groundwork for an insurgency in the case of Russian invasion and occupation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Countries at the vanguard of resistance planning include Poland, the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania; the Nordic countries of Finland, Norway and Sweden; and other vulnerable states, like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armytimes.com\/news\/your-army\/2021\/08\/04\/exercise-in-the-caucasus-returns-green-berets-to-resistance-roots\/\">Georgia<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ukraine, should its government fall, will offer insight on a burning question for these countries \u2014 can a country plant the seeds of insurgency before a full-scale war even begins?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"5000\" height=\"3334\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP22060379353685.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-67518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP22060379353685.jpg.jpg 5000w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP22060379353685.jpg.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP22060379353685.jpg.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP22060379353685.jpg.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP22060379353685.jpg.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/AP22060379353685.jpg.jpg?resize=2048,1366 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 5000px) 100vw, 5000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Volunteers of Ukraine&#8217;s Territorial Defense Forces talk to each other by a damaged vehicle at a checkpoint in Brovary, outside Kyiv, Ukraine, Tuesday, March 1, 2022. Russian shelling pounded civilian targets in Ukraine&#8217;s second-largest city Tuesday and a 40-mile convoy of tanks and other vehicles threatened the capital \u2014 tactics Ukraine&#8217;s embattled president said were designed to force him into concessions in Europe&#8217;s largest ground war in generations. (AP Photo\/Efrem Lukatsky)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That\u2019s what military planners from countries who have invested heavily in resistance capabilities are closely monitoring, explained the editorial director of West Point\u2019s Modern War Institute, John Amble, in a<a href=\"https:\/\/mwi.usma.edu\/the-two-debates-in-military-circles-the-war-in-ukraine-could-help-settle\/\"> recent article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cUltimately, the questions are whether civilian resistance is a credible means of defending against aggression and, if so, what balance between such an approach and conventional capabilities is appropriate,\u201d Amble explained. He noted that the effectiveness of such efforts thus far \u201cremain unknown in an operational sense but have certainly been symbolically powerful.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ukraine is considered one of the countries best-suited for armed resistance among ROC adherents due to its combat experience in the country\u2019s east, explained the special operations official familiar with the country\u2019s resistance planning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If resistance can\u2019t succeed there, some worry it won\u2019t succeed anywhere \u2014 though Ukraine can\u2019t rely on NATO military intervention like many other ROC-inspired militaries can.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meanwhile, planners supporting Ukraine are preparing for what could be a protracted fight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national-security\/2022\/03\/05\/russia-ukraine-insurgency\/\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post<\/a>, Ukraine\u2019s partners \u201care planning how to help establish and support a government-in-exile, which could direct guerrilla operations against Russian occupiers\u201d in the event that Kyiv and other cities fall and make continued conventional warfare untenable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe must win the war,\u201d said one Zelenskyy advisor to the Washington Post. \u201cThere are no other options.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Drive by molotov cocktail attack on Russian equipment in Berdyansk <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/ocjvKE2myU\">https:\/\/t.co\/ocjvKE2myU<\/a><\/p>&mdash; marqs (@MarQs__) <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/MarQs__\/status\/1497937754105303040?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 27, 2022<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.x.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Scuffles between Ukrainian protestors and Russian Rosgvardia troops. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/X8v2WALeMo\">https:\/\/t.co\/X8v2WALeMo<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/H7If9kPUM2\">pic.twitter.com\/H7If9kPUM2<\/a><\/p>&mdash; Rob Lee (@RALee85) <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/RALee85\/status\/1500795611146297347?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 7, 2022<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.x.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ukraine is one of several countries in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia that have implemented portions of the Resistance Operating Concept into their national defense plans.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":67510,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_acf":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":135,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_smg_distribution_targets":[]},"categories":[10,29,116,15,86,135,88],"tags":[],"coauthors":[3456],"class_list":["post-60030","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-flashpoints","category-home","category-left-column","category-news","category-pentagon-congress","category-ukraine","category-your-military"],"acf":{"subheadline":"","legacy_arc_id":"CE6HO5SXNVDZFNIXQ52RWKERF4","arc_canonical_url":"\/news\/your-army\/2022\/03\/07\/how-the-us-and-europe-helped-ukraine-prep-for-insurgency\/","remove_feature_photo":false,"is_sponsored":false,"subtype":"","redirect_url":"","disable_inline_ads":false,"native_logo_pretext":"Presented 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