The 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies continues to resonate in the lives of soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines and veterans today. From experiences that changed doctrine and warfighting to shifting views of the war and its legacy over time for troops who served, these stories on the 20th anniversary of the invasion show how it continues to matter.

Military Times Early Bird Brief Editor Jonathan Lehrfeld researched key leaders in the maritime forces and, separately, a Pew Research survey on veterans’ opinions of war. Air Force Times Senior Reporter Rachel Cohen wrote a then-and-now article focused on air power in 2003 and how a similar conflict might unfold with today’s technology. Observation Post Editor Sarah Sicard conducted interviews with veterans who’ll look back on this war for the rest of their lives and asked how they view their service and the war’s conclusion now. Army Times Senior Reporter Davis Winkie showcased how one Army mission within the larger operation led to stars on shoulders and events that shaped Army doctrine to this day.

• The stars born on Highway 8
• Modern ‘shock and awe’ would be defined by aging jets, new tactics
• How Iraq tours helped the careers of these sea service veterans
• Iraq War veterans refuse to be defined by a war they didn’t lose
• Polls show support for Iraq War drop in 20 years post invasion

As of Dec. 2, federal employees had contributed $30.6 million to the participating charities this year. For the CFC of the National Capital Area, which represents employees working in and around Washington, D.C., contributions stand at around $15 million, which tracks ahead of 2019 contributions by 15 percent.

According to CFCNA Local Federal Coordinating Committee Chair Vince Micone, that number represents about 50 percent of his region’s goal for this year.

Although the CFC solicitation period, which runs from Sept. 21 to Jan. 15 this year, is more than halfway over, reaching half of the fundraising goal at this point in the campaign is significant, as donations tend to see a notable uptick in the last four to six weeks of the campaign.

“Like any charitable giving campaign, the end of the fiscal year is a big time for contributions. People are in the holiday spirit, they’re looking to get a gift for their community organizations as they get gifts for family and friends,” Micone told Federal Times, adding that people also have tax deductible donations at the top of their minds during this time.

Giving Tuesday, which occurs on the first Tuesday after Thanksgiving and encourages all Americans to donate to charitable causes, also marked a strong day of donations for CFC this year, with the whole campaign raising over $3.7 million and CFCNA raising $1.8 million, up 38 percent from last year.

“This campaign has exceeded any of our wildest expectations on how well that it’s gone this year. We were a little bit nervous, because we were moving the campaign pretty much solely into a virtual space, which we’d never done before,” said Micone.

Those virtual activities included online kickoff and fundraising events, as well as a greater social media push.

“We’re talking about CFC in the same forums where people are keeping up with family and friends. People have just really responded to how we switched up how we’ve managed the campaign,” said Micone, noting that the CFC kickoff event received 10,000 impressions, when the in-person event is usually lucky to get 500 attendees.

“We think that the future of the campaign is going to include a lot of virtual activities.”

On social media, CFCNA promoted the “lemon face challenge,” which encouraged donors to take a video of themselves biting into a lemon and making a “face of change” while pledging to donate through the CFC giving mobile app.

On top of the financial measures, that virtual focus has also yielded success in encouraging a wider range of employees and retirees to contribute, as Micone said that 25 percent of donors so far have been new to the campaign.

And though much is different about the way CFC has been run this year, the honorary chair for the 2020 campaign has remained the same, as Peace Corps Director Jody Olsen has taken up her third consecutive year at the head of CFC.

“I personally think there’s great value in having an honorary chair around for several cycles, because it really helps them to build a greater understanding of what we’re doing and allows them to be greater advocates among government leadership ranks on why this is so important,” said Micone.

“Dr. Olsen is just an amazing leader and having the opportunity to work with her for several years has just been fantastic. She has been a great advocate going to several agencies, talking about CFC to various employee groups.”

Boosts to employee giving this year could help turn around what has been a steady decline in CFC contributions over the last several years. The 2009 campaign, for example, raised a record $283 million, while the 2019 campaign a decade later raised $86.4 million.

“Because of the nature of what we do as public servants, we understand that there’s great need out there right now. We see it every day: the pandemic has just turned people’s lives upside down. So federal employees are responding by giving through the CFC,” said Micone.

After a later-than-expected start last year, CFC organizers also added a later-than-usual deadline, extending the giving season through Jan. 12.

This year brought a new online portal that allows donors to pledge online. The system allows all federal employees to donate via payroll deduction, credit and debit cards, and eCheck payments.

In addition, the Office of Personnel Management was allowed for the first time to solicit federal annuitants and military retirees to continue to use the CFC for charitable giving, with recurring gifts from their annuity. Federal employees, service members and retirees also were able to pledge volunteer time, not just cash, to CFC charities.

While the solicitation campaign periods vary by location, all donors have until Jan. 12 to pledge, whether online or via a traditional pledge card, postmarked by that date.

This year’s campaign theme is “Show Some Love.”

Combined Federal Campaign donors seeking military-related charities in the private sector can choose from 131 combined groups in two federations, the Military Family and Veterans Service Organizations of America, and Military Support Groups of America. But there are other charities whose activities intersect with the needs and interests of service members, veterans and military families.

Donors should “take a look at those traditional charities that have been here for the long haul that really do provide programs that recognize military service, recognize veterans’ service,” said Tom Bognanno, chief executive officer of the Community Health Charities foundation, whose 2,000-plus charities offer more than 700 individual veteran programs nationwide.

Programs include counseling services, as well as elder care assistance for aging veterans. National groups such as Autism Speaks, the Arthritis Foundation, the American Lung Association, the American Heart Association, the American Diabetes Association, the Sickle Cell Disease Association of America, the American Cancer Society, the Alzheimer’s Association and others are among the federation’s charities; there are also hundreds of chapters affiliated with those national organizations that serve local communities, some of which are also in the Combined Federal Campaign.

“Veterans have a variety of issues, not just confined to the time when they’re on active duty,” Bognanno said. “Once you leave that military base, come back home and are readjusting to [civilian] life, for most of these young men and women, they have 30, 40, 50 years of living left, and we enjoy continuing to work with them, continuing to meet the needs of those veterans as they get older, and encounter different disorders and situations.”

In the past, groups in the health federation may have focused primarily on chronic disease. But today many of the groups also focus on wellness, and well being, Bognanno said.

FOR ‘TOMORROW AND THE NEXT DAY’

Many of the established health-related charities also provide assistance to victims of natural disasters and mass shootings, though they may be overlooked by donors eager to help in the immediate aftermath.

“Think long term,” Bognanno said. “Think which organizations have programs in the CFC that you can contribute to that take care not just on the horrible day of the disaster and the day after. This is nothing about the American Red Cross — they do a very defined and excellent program. But what about six months afterwards? What about a year afterwards?”

One of the charities associated with the Community Health Charities is Samaritan’s Purse, which was in New Orleans five years after Hurricane Katrina, he said.

“If you want to help people in Puerto Rico and Texas, consider which of those charities actually have programs that are going to help them rebuild their lives, help them get a job, help them find kidney dialysis or Alzheimer’s centers … which of those charities are going to be there tomorrow and the next day, and perhaps have programs designed for veterans.”

CFC BASICS

This year’s CFC pledging season started Oct. 2, a month later than in previous years, to give local CFC campaigns more time to implement changes in the nationwide campaign. The pledge season ends Jan. 12.

Each local campaign determines the time period during that window of time that they will carry out their fundraising campaigns. CFC is the only authorized solicitation of federal employees in their workplaces on behalf of approved charities.

This year, a new aspect of the CFC is that donors can also pledge their volunteering time, not just their dollars. Other changes include the ability to solicit donations from military retirees and federal annuitants, and a new centralized giving portal that allows donors to make their CFC pledges online.

A survey by the National Association of Realtors showed that early and midcareer troops mean business when it comes to becoming property owners. Among the findings:

• The median home-buying age for active-duty survey-takers was 34 years old, six years younger than nonmilitary participants.
• While they sported a lower average annual income, the typical military member spent $226,000 on his house. The average cost for a home: $220,000.
• Eighty-seven percent of active-duty buyers bought single-family homes, 4 percentage points higher than the overall rate.

Why the demographic differences? Some are easy to spot: Active-duty buyers have VA loan advantages that civilians don’t, along with other benefits that help cover housing costs.

NAR experts also said the troops felt more secure in their jobs than most civilians, giving them the sense of financial stability required to become a property owner … even if your job might move you to a brand-new location in fairly short order.

Read more about the survey from our coverage here.

The Military Family and Veterans Service Organizations of America has 69 participating charities, compared to 70 in 2016, while the Military Support Groups of America has 62 in 2017, compared to 64 in 2016, said Patrick Maguire, whose Maguire/Maguire firm provides support services for the federations as well as 20 other independent charitable federations.

New to the MFVSO is the FourBlock Foundation, which offers a career readiness program for veterans twice a year in major metropolitan cities around the country. The semester-long, university-accredited program provides professional development, career exploration and network and mentorship. The foundation was accepted by the CFC earlier this year.

New to the MSGA, the Fleet Reserve Association Education Foundation (CFC #80236) provides scholarships to eligible service members and veterans of the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard and their family members. Each year, the foundation presents scholarships totaling about $100,000.

The foundation offers a variety of scholarships up to $5,000 for those seeking undergraduate and graduate degrees, with some targeted toward specific groups and others offering broad eligibility criteria. Awards are given based on financial need, academic standing, character and leadership qualities.

“This is the first step in expanding the program and awarding more scholarships each year,” said Joe Barnes, president of the foundation‘s board of directors. “This is the first year we’ve been accepted into the Military Support Groups of America. We’re excited about that.”

Being part of the federation hopefully will expand the awareness about the foundation for both potential scholarship recipients and potential donors, and increase contributions, he said. The foundation has been part of the CFC since 2012 as an individual organization, not as part of a federation.

Donations to the military federations have fallen, even when compared to the declining CFC totals overall: Pledges to MVFSA groups dropped by 14 percent in 2016, down almost a million dollars to $5.9 million. MSGA pledges fell 16 percent over that span, from $2.5 million to $2.1 million.

Overall CFC giving dropped 6 percent in 2016, from $177.8 million the year before to $167.1 million.

There has been a decline in giving for all military charities in recent years, Maguire said. “partly due to the decline of the CFC and partly due to donor fatigue, I suspect, but I really don‘t know.” The federations don’t get enough information from CFC to offer informed speculation on the decline, he added.

“The CFC is hugely important to the military charities, for obvious reasons,” Maguire said. “Those charities have made a significant investment to continue in the campaign, and they are counting on CFC givers to respond favorably to the changes in the CFC that make it a much better giving alternative.

“Our biggest concern is that after so many years of the ‘business as usual CFC,’ potential givers might not appreciate what a huge change the campaign is embarking on, and why it is a valuable benefit to them and to the participating charities.”

A new CFC fee structure requires nonprofits to pay their share of CFC campaign costs upfront. In previous years, a portion of the donation was kept by CFC for campaign costs before the money was distributed to the charity.

The goal is for 100 percent of all donations to reach the charities. The CFC also has attempted to help donors make better informed decisions by requiring charities to provide information such as the administrative and fundraising rate, or AFR — the percentage of dollars spent on expenses other than services.

There’s a specific category for these organizations on the CFC portal’s front search page. A quick search of a few installations showed donors could direct their dollars to youth programs at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas; Army Child, Youth and School Services at Fort Belvoir, Virginia; the Airman and Family Readiness Center at South Korea’s Osan Air Base; and the Fisher House at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.

Donors can search for these organizations at specific installations on a pulldown menu. These programs have a different application process than private civilian charities seeking to join the CFC; for example, the application must include a letter from the installation commander signing off on participation in the campaign.

For several years, federal employee donors have been able to pledge money to charities that provide services in specific areas, regardless of where they lived. For example, a donor in Virginia could give money to an organization in California. But this is the first time a prominent search feature specific to organizations on military bases has been available.

It’s not a complete listing of military installations; there’s a preponderance of Air Force bases compared with other services. Not every base listed has an organization associated with it that is accepting CFC donations. And there appear to be some glitches: It’s not clear, for example, why the Fisher House in San Diego pops up as an organization associated with U.S. Army Garrison Rheinland-Pfalz in Germany.

Donors can use multiple search variables to zero in on charities of interest. They can search by charity name, CFC number, keyword, category, geographic area, campaign zone and administrative and fundraising rate, or AFR. That rate represents the percentage spent by the charity on expenses other than services.

The website also allows donors to search for charities with volunteer opportunities available, as the CFC now allows donors to pledge to volunteer their time for specific groups.

The installation-related charities are a small percentage of the total charities participating in the CFC. Those seeking military-related charities in the private sector can choose from 131 combined groups in two federations, the Military Family and Veterans Service Organizations of America and Military Support Groups of America.

Thousands of other charities support causes in the local, national and international communities ranging from the arts and culture to animal issues to medical research.

“I have no idea how the new website giving platform will affect military charities, but I can say that in recent years online giving has resulted in higher participation rates and higher average gifts, according to [the Office of Personnel Management],” said Patrick Maguire, whose firm Maguire/Maguire provides support services for 22 independent charitable federations, including the two military-related federations. “However, at the federation level we have had no way of knowing which gifts were made online and which by paper.”

Different CFC zones have operated websites that allow donors to pledge online; this new portal is expected to consolidate information for donors, save operating costs and increase efficiency.

The donor pool starting this year will include retirees, who will be able to pledge to their favorite charities through CFC and donate through deductions from their government annuities.

The CFC has gone through major changes this year, and there have been delays. The annual pledge season started Oct. 2, a month later than usual, and its end date has been extended to Jan. 12. Local campaigns choose their time frame within that window for agencies to solicit pledges from their workforce.

OPM delayed the drive’s start to give local CFC zones more time to incorporate program changes, and also allowed a grace period for charities locate in areas affected by recent hurricanes.

Although some local CFC zones have started their pledge season, donors weren’t able to make pledges until the complete list of local, national and international charities was made available Monday.

Nearly half of the charities that participated in 2016 won’t return, said Patrick Maguire, whose Maguire/Maguire firm provides support services for 22 independent charitable federations.

Two of those federations — Military Family and Veterans Service Organizations of America, and Military Support Groups of America — combine to represent more than 130 charities that took part in last year’s campaign, from the Fisher House Foundation to the Semper Fi Fund to the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors, better known as TAPS.

“Most of those that left the campaign were local charities,” Maguire said. “The military charities are hanging in to see how 2017 goes.”

Smaller charities may have bailed, he said, because a new fee structure requires nonprofits to pay their share of CFC costs upfront, rather than earmarking a portion of each donation for campaign management.

The goal is for 100 percent of all donations to reach the charities, but the result, Maguire said, is that some charities would have to pay more in upfront fees than they might collect from the campaign itself.

“I understand that about 25 percent of those listed had historically received no designations at all, yet the campaign had to absorb the costs of their participation nevertheless,” he said.

DELAYED START, UNFINISHED DETAILS

As of Wednesday, the Office of Personnel Management hadn’t approved the final list of charities in the federations that Maguire’s firm supports, he said, though he couldn’t speak for other outlets. OPM did not immediately respond to questions regarding the release of the full list.

They also didn’t have a start date for a proposed web portal that will allow online giving worldwide, to include an online search engine to find specific charities or types of charities. This system will be a more secure way of giving for the donor, Maguire said, and will reduce administrative costs for the campaign.

These delays continue despite the entire program being pushed back a month to an Oct. 2 start date (its end date, Jan. 12, is also later than normal). OPM delayed the start to give local CFC zones more time to incorporate program changes, and also announced a grace period Sept. 29 for charities located in areas affected by recent hurricanes.

Local campaigns choose their time frame within that window for agencies to solicit pledges from their workforce.

“It’s been a confusing transition,” said David Coker, president of the Fisher House Foundation. “But the thing I like about CFC is that it lets donors decide, and lets people participate through workplace giving, which is one of the most effective ways people can support the cause they believe in.”

He said the web portal’s delay was concerning, and that “donors may go there once, and not return if it’s not open yet.” He also expressed worry that small charities leaving the CFC “might be the ones most vulnerable to not being able to keep their doors open” without campaign donations.

Still, Coker said, “CFC has always been very kind to us, and we will participate this year if we are allowed.” His organization hasn‘t received the final list.

Other CFC changes include:

• Post-service solicitation: OPM may solicit military retirees and federal annuitants for charitable giving through CFC with recurring deductions from their retired pay. Information was not immediately available from Defense Department officials about how that solicitation will be handled for military retirees.
• Ban the bake sale: Cash won’t be accepted for CFC at events or fundraisers. Instead, events will focus on increase employee awareness of CFC charities.
• More ways to give: Federal employees will be able to pledge time to volunteer with CFC charities, as well as pledging money.

“The credit for the success of the CFC campaign goes to the people who contribute,” Coker said. “CFC is still a tremendous blessing for us. We remain hopeful it will continue to be so in the future. Every contribution really does make a difference for those causes people choose to support.

“Don’t give up on it.”

Marco and I bonded pretty quickly. We learned a lot from one another: I learned that dogs have their own personalities, for instance: Marco was one stubborn dog, who would lay down when I said “sit,” and sit when I said “down.”

I remember the first time we started doing “bite training” — basically teaching the dog commands on when to “get the bad guy” and when to stop the pursuit. My trainer suited up in a big fluffy jacket for protection; Marco had other ideas.

We hadn’t even started the scenario when Marco jumped up and bit him on the butt, where he had zero padding. Worse, Marco didn’t quite have the “stop biting” part down. It took me, the trainer and the kennel master quite some time to get Marco off, luckily leaving only a giant bruise and no serious bite marks.

After a lot of training — and I do mean a lot — and some bonding, Marco and I figured out what we really wanted from one another: He wanted the KongI had in my pocket, and I wanted him to find drugs and bad guys.

Marco and I worked together for about a year; I had him searching rooms off-leash, doing cool tricks and finding real narcotics, but eventually it was time for me to move on to my first explosives detection dog.

I didn’t realize how hard it would be to give Marco’s leash to another handler. After all, we had been together for a year. I was his first handler and he was my first dog.

There are more personal stories I could tell about the dogs I’ve worked with, but instead, here’s a quick look at five other notable military working dogs, or MWDs, across multiple services.

Stubby, wearing his coat and medals.

Photo Credit: Courtesy photo via Air Force

1. Stubby, America’s first war dog

In brief:

A stray dog that wandered into an Army training center in New Haven, Connecticut, and ended up on the front lines of World War I.

What you might know:

A famous mascot upon his return from Europe, Stubby participated in multiple parades, met three presidents, posed for a photo with Gen. John “Black Jack” Pershing and received more than a dozen awards, including a Purple Heart. He reportedly could sense incoming rounds and warn soldiers, and once attacked a German spy sneaking into camp, a tale retold in the dog’s obituary. In the New York Times.

What you don’t know:

Frequently called “Sgt. Stubby,” his biographersaid the rank wasn’t used in media accounts during the dog’s life, and may have been added to his legend posthumously.

What else:

Stubby died in 1926. His coat, covering a cast of the dog, is on displayat the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History.

A photo of Bak taken by Capt. Andrew Pedersen-Keel. The U.S. Military Academy graduate died March 11, 2013, along with a fellow soldier and the military working dog, while deployed to Afghanistan.

Photo Credit: Courtesy of APK Charities

2. Bak, heroic in Afghanistan

In brief:

A 3-year-old German shepherd made the ultimate sacrifice on a deadly day.

What you might know:

Bak and handler Sgt. Marel Molina, with 93rd Military Working Dog Detachment, 385th Military Police Battalion, 16th Military Police Brigade, were looking for explosives in Afghanistan’s Jalrez district on March 11, 2013, when local forces opened fire on U.S. soldiers in a blue-on-green attack. Molina survived, but Capt. Andrew M. Pedersen-Keeland Staff Sgt. Rex L. Schadlost their lives. Bak died later that day from his injuries, according to an Army news release.

What you don’t know:

Bak and Molina deployed in June 2012. The dog made six “major” improvised explosive device finds while in service, per the Army release.

What else: APK Charities, a nonprofit created by Pedersen-Keel’s parents, notes Bak’s sacrifice on a pageabout the officer’s life.

A passerby takes pictures of newspaper headlines reporting the death of Osama Bin Laden, in front of the Newseum, on May 2, 2011, in Washington, D.C.

Photo Credit: Mark Wilson/Getty Images

3. Cairo, part of the bin Laden raid

In brief:

A member of SEAL Team 6, Cairo was widely recognized after the team’s 2011 mission in Pakistan that put an end to the long-serving al-Qaida leader.

What you might know:

Much like other military working dogs, the Belgian Malinois was trained to stand guard (alerting team members of anyone approaching), as well as in crowd control, sniffing out bombs and discovering booby traps. The dog was part of perimeter security during the mission, according to the New Yorker’s extensive account of the raid.

What you don’t know:

Per the New Yorker’s account, mission plans called for Cairo to enter the building if SEALs couldn’t find bin Laden right away, “to search for false walls or hidden doors.”

What else:

When President Obama met the SEALs responsible for the mission, Cairo was waiting in a separate room, according to the New Yorker. “I want to meet that dog,” the president reportedly said; he did, but the dog’s muzzle stayed on.

Lucca, a retired Marine Corps military working dog, poses during a visit to Camp Pendleton, Calif., on Feb. 29, 2016.

Photo Credit: Lance Cpl. Caitlin Bevel/Marine Corps

4. Lucca, a wounded warrior

Brief bio:

Through 400 patrols, not a single Marine died under Lucca’s service. The dog’s final mission proved costly.

What you might know:

The half-German shepherd, half-Belgian Malinois already had found nearly 40 explosive devices while in service when another find came while off-leash in front of Marines in Afghanistan. But a second, undetected blast went off. Lucca’s handler at the time, Cpl. Juan Rodriguez, “ran past the known IED, applied a tourniquet, and carried Lucca back to the safety of the nearby tree line,” according to a U.S. Central Command news release. The dog lost its left front leg to the blast.

What you don’t know:

The dog served six years on active duty before retiring to a couch in California with Gunnery Sgt. Christopher Willingham. In 2016, Lucca flew to London to receive the Dickin Medal, recognized as the highest valor award for animals and seen by some as the canine equivalent to Great Britain’s Victoria Cross.

What else:

See a video about Lucca from “Inside Edition” here.

Senior Airman Salema Panama and JJackson run through a security vehicle sweep before a presidential mission at Joint Base Andrews, Md., on June 1, 2010.

Photo Credit: Bobby Jones/Air Force

5. JJackson, everyday Air Force hero

Brief bio:

He may not have the media pedigree of the rest, but as one of “JJ’s” former handlers put it, “I knew immediately that there was something about him, I just didn’t know what.”

What you might know:

The dog’s picture is part of the tribute to those who served in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars on display at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

What you don’t know:

One of JJ’s missions in Iraq had a rough start, but an impressive ending. From then-handler Harvey Holt: “We landed a Chinook literally next to the main house and they never heard us because of the extreme wind that night. JJackson was the last off. We had [night-vision goggles] on and there was no depth perception. We thought they landed but they were actually three feet off the ground. Needless to say, JJ and I went face-first into the dirt as the Chinook took off. JJ then found a man hiding in an abandoned bus that we all missed. Saved our ass again.”

What else:

JJ received multiple awards for his time on duty, including the Army Commendation Medal. In November, 2014, JJ had a memorialservice in his honor when he passed away at age 11 from health complications. More on the dog’s story

.