{"id":18824,"date":"2019-06-03T23:09:27","date_gmt":"2019-06-03T23:09:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/navytimes\/uncategorized\/2019\/06\/03\/revolutionary-war-shipwrecks-get-first-good-look-in-years\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T18:57:25","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T18:57:25","slug":"revolutionary-war-shipwrecks-get-first-good-look-in-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/navytimes\/news\/your-navy\/2019\/06\/03\/revolutionary-war-shipwrecks-get-first-good-look-in-years\/","title":{"rendered":"Revolutionary War shipwrecks get first good look in years"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

YORKTOWN, Va. \u2014 John Broadwater sits on a boat in the York River, waiting for word from a diver below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If this were a movie, it would be the perfect time for a flashback. The silver hair on Broadwater’s head would turn dark again, and viewers would be transported to 30 years ago \u2014 the last time he was here doing much the same thing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In May, for the first time in nearly three decades, archaeologists slipped into the murky York to assess what\u2019s left of the Lost Fleet at Yorktown<\/a>, a British convoy sent to its doom during the last major battle of the Revolutionary War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For two centuries, the shipwrecks melted away \u2014 swallowed by time, silt and the elements. Alarm bells sounded in the 1970s after a diving magazine mentioned the wrecks, prompting an invasion of sport divers fetching artifacts for themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Broadwater, wearing the official title of state underwater archaeologist back then \u2014 he was Virginia’s first \u2014 led a team mobilized to study, excavate and find ways to protect the remains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In this May 15 photo, John Broadwater, who is part of a crew working on a project to reassess shipwrecks from the Revolutionary War, smiles while on board a boat in Yorktown, Va. (L. Todd Spencer\/The Virginian-Pilot via AP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In 1988, a 20-page spread in National Geographic detailed their accomplishments \u2014 more than 5,000 relics recovered for posterity from one wreck alone, a ship named Betsy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But state budget cuts came shortly after, and Broadwater\u2019s position was axed. Work stopped on the project, and relics went into storage \u2014 many of them uninspected, which led to a scramble just last year, when live hand grenades from The Betsy <\/a>were discovered sitting on shelves at the Department of Historic Resources in Richmond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the cuts, Broadwater had to move on. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

He oversaw the salvaging of the Monitor,<\/a> the famed Civil War ironclad that went down off North Carolina. He helped Jeff Bezos retrieve sunken rocket boosters from Apollo moon missions. He worked with movie director James Cameron in the North Atlantic, descending more than two miles to the Titanic, eating his lunch in a submarine perched on the legendary liner\u2019s grand staircase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the Yorktown shipwrecks kept calling to him. It was more than just the nagging of a job left unfinished. Last year, Broadwater and two partners \u2014 Ryan Johnston and Steve Ormsby \u2014 formed JRS Explorations<\/a>, largely to return to this river.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“The three of us share a passion for this story,” he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, at 75 years old, Broadwater has come home. He’s working with volunteers \u2014 some from the old Betsy days. Most of their equipment is donated. Most expenses are covered by the partners’ own money.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There’s no hope of getting rich by finding treasure. All relics will belong to the public, a pledge embedded in the company’s incorporation papers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mike Nussbaun, left, helps diver Bill Waldrop get ready to enter the water, in Yorktown, Va., on May 15. (L. Todd Spencer\/The Virginian-Pilot via AP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sitting on the boat this crisp, spring morning, Broadwater looks pretty happy. The locations of 10 wrecks are known but remote surveying done last spring hinted at some never-before-discovered targets, like the mound of rocks the diver is down there investigating right now. They might be ballast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Today’s electronics \u2014 navigation systems, sonar, sensors \u2014 are way more precise than yesterday’s. A magnetometer detected the presence of metal around those rocks. Could be nails or iron from an old ship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“It feels really good to be back,” Broadwater says, blue eyes shining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sandwiched between Yorktown and Gloucester Point, he’s in a natural spot to re-tell the story of what happened here 238 years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“You just can’t make up fiction like that,” Broadwater says. “If anything had gone differently or happened one or two days later or earlier, well, the what-ifs are just endless.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As he talks, the peaceful setting around the boat seems to fade away. The neat lawns lining the riverbanks. The kids playing with sand buckets on a beach. The whoosh of traffic over the nearby Coleman bridge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In a movie, it would be time for another flashback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A crew working on a project to reassess shipwrecks from the Revolutionary War in Yorktown, Va., makes their way across the York River on May 15. (L. Todd Spencer\/The Virginian-Pilot via AP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Six years into the Revolutionary War, the York River bristles with the masts of British ships. It\u2019s the fall of 1781 and the village up on the bluffs is in ruins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sixteen thousand troops from the Continental Army and its French Allies are dug into dirt redoubts ringing the town, trading shots with 8,000 British troops trapped against the river.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bombardment is relentless \u2014 cannon, howitzers, mortar \u2014 a slug-fest hammering day and night.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the British commander, Lord Charles Cornwallis, isn’t giving up. He’s expecting reinforcements to sail into the river any day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instead, French 74-gun warships show up, having run off the British armada at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Cornwallis has 50 or so vessels of his own anchored in the river, but only a handful of small warships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of his best, the 44-gun Charon, has already gone down, set afire by red-hot shot aimed from shore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cornwallis tries every move in the play book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He sets a few of his own ships afire and tries to drift them into the French warships. No luck.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He tries to slip away, loading his men into small boats to make for Gloucester, but a storm roars in and swamps the attempt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, he resorts to a tactic that’s been used by others: He sacrifices his own fleet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cornwallis sends a line of his ships toward the Yorktown beach until they run aground, forming a barrier he hopes will stop the French from landing troops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To keep the rest out of his convoy out of enemy hands \u2014 as well as block the river with wreckage \u2014 Cornwallis issues orders to scuttle. Holes are drilled or chiseled in hulls and the vessels sink.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It’s not enough. Cornwallis winds up surrendering on Oct. 19, just as a British fleet prepares to sail from New York to his rescue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s a decisive outcome, the beginning of the end. Officially done two years later, the war propels a wave of change that winds up washing around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull, 1820 (Architect of the Capitol)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A yell from the dive boat breaks the spell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bill Waldrop has been under for about 20 minutes, using a probe to test the bottom around the rocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“When you hit something with it, you can tell the difference by the sound of the tap,” Broadwater has explained. “Rock makes a ‘tink.’ Wood makes a ‘thunk.'”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The yell came from Mike Nusbaum, spotting for Waldrop on the dive boat. Waldrop has just radioed up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“He’s found wood!” Nusbaum hollers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Excitement flickers through the crew on the boat with Broadwater. Bill Utley, an expert in military history, worked with Broadwater on Betsy. Joshua Daniel, at the helm, runs his own marine survey company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They all know that finding wood is a promising sign. The next step: search for the telltale humps of ship ribs \u2014 evenly spaced, poking up so slightly under their blanket of silt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diving in the York isn’t easy. Currents rip and visibility is rarely more than a foot. But if they can locate and measure timbers, they can determine the ship’s size, then scour through old maritime records for a possible ID.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“The idea of going down there and seeing a ship no one has seen for 200 years, and being able to tell its story,” Broadwater says, “now that’s just really something.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There’s no complete list of exactly how many ships Cornwallis had or sank, or how many were raised afterward by the French, who were granted salvage rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The hope is to find as many new ones as possible and document any changes in the old ones since Broadwater gave them their last good check in 1990. Research, preservation and artifact display are the priorities. There’s an effort to nominate the area as a National Marine Sanctuary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“If you come to Yorktown and only see the redoubts,” Broadwater says, “you’re missing half the battlefield.”<\/p>\n\n\n\t