{"id":68185,"date":"2022-04-01T15:15:49","date_gmt":"2022-04-01T15:15:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/navytimes\/uncategorized\/2022\/04\/01\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\/"},"modified":"2026-08-18T20:44:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T20:44:56","slug":"will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/navytimes\/opinion\/commentary\/2022\/04\/01\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\/","title":{"rendered":"Will the ghost of Korematsu haunt the Supreme Court?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Late last week, the United States Supreme Court slightly narrowed an injunction protecting 35 Navy SEALs from the Department of Defense\u2019s unlawful Covid-19 vaccine mandate. The SEALs, like <a href=\"https:\/\/news.usni.org\/2022\/03\/10\/marine-corps-exceeds-1000-covid-19-vaccine-separations-navy-at-469\">thousands of their fellow sailors<\/a>, each sought and were <a href=\"https:\/\/news.usni.org\/2022\/01\/21\/sailors-turn-to-courts-as-religious-vaccine-exemptions-weigh-readiness-over-belief\">denied religious accommodations<\/a> from the mandate. Without any evidence or consideration of the numerous exceptions to the government\u2019s mandate, let alone the ever-changing nature of COVID, its variants, or natural immunity, the Navy flatly rejects <i>all <\/i>religious accommodations for active members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In January, a federal district court judge <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/us\/us-judge-blocks-pentagon-punishing-navy-seals-who-refused-covid-19-vaccine-2022-01-04\/\">issued an injunction<\/a> in favor of the SEALs. In early March, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit <a href=\"https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/us-law-week\/injunction-against-navy-vax-rule-remains-as-seals-suit-plays-out\">rejected<\/a> the Navy\u2019s request that it stay the injunction. But on March 25, the Supreme Court, in a 6-3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/21pdf\/21a477_1bo2.pdf\">decision<\/a>, granted the Navy\u2019s emergency application for a partial stay of a lower court order prohibiting the Navy from considering the vaccination status of 35 Naval Special Warfare members when making personnel assignment decisions. While the injunction continues to protect the SEALs from punishment or court-martial, at least one of the justices on the court raised a troubling doctrine to justify the partial stay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a concurrence, Justice Brett Kavanaugh invoked what he described as the \u201cbedrock constitutional principle\u201d that courts ought not interfere with executive authority when it comes to military and national security matters. Constitutional scholars and World War II historians alike may recall a similar refrain from the infamous case of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uscourts.gov\/educational-resources\/educational-activities\/facts-and-case-summary-korematsu-v-us\"><i>Korematsu v. United States<\/i><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Korematsu <\/i>dealt with President Roosevelt\u2019s Executive Order 9066, which authorized the then-secretary of war to issue a military order to remove Americans of Japanese descent from their homes and place them in internment camps. In a shameful episode of American legal history, the <i>Korematsu<\/i> court\u2019s majority upheld the removal order\u2019s validity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a powerful dissent, Justice Robert Jackson cautioned against such judicial carte blanche when it comes to military matters. He reasoned it will often be the case that, despite the absence of evidence to support its position, the military will demand judicial deference to its decisions. In Justice Jackson\u2019s view, if judges simply rubberstamped every military policy and decision, it would deal \u201ca far more subtle blow to liberty\u201d than whatever harm the military policy or decision itself might cause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Justice Jackson\u2019s warning proved prescient. In the <i>Navy SEALs <\/i>case, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/03\/07\/1084999251\/pentagon-supreme-court-vaccine-mandate-navy-seals\">Navy demands<\/a> exactly the kind of deference against which Justice Jackson cautioned. The Navy has yet to provide any evidence that unvaccinated SEALs pose an actual threat to its ability to defend the nation. Instead, the Navy continues to trumpet its zero-tolerance policy of rejecting all religious accommodation requests to the vaccine mandate. Justice Kavanaugh nevertheless believes judges are incompetent to determine whether the Navy\u2019s actions are lawful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But evaluating the lawfulness of government actions is precisely what judges do all the time. Even when the actions in question are made by military commanders. Military commanders, even those with the best of intentions, often make questionable decisions. There are times when both military and civilian judges are called upon to evaluate whether those decisions violate the Constitution and federal law. And despite Justice Kavanaugh\u2019s reticence, even the Supreme Court has done so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a relatively obscure <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1940-1955\/343us579\">case<\/a> \u2014 but one every first-year law student undoubtedly recalls \u2014 the Supreme Court rejected President Harry Truman\u2019s attempt to seize steel mills in order to prevent labor strikes during the Korean War. President Truman argued he had the inherent constitutional authority as commander in chief to seize the steel mills and that courts should stay out of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In stark contrast to its deference in <i>Korematsu<\/i>, the Supreme Court rebuked President Truman holding that he lacked the authority to seize still mills, even during war. Justice Jackson \u2014 this time in the majority \u2014 once again counseled against too much deference to the executive:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cCommand power is not such an absolute as might be implied from that office in a militaristic system, but is subject to limitations consistent with a constitutional Republic whose law and policymaking branch is a representative Congress.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court\u2019s majority in <i>Navy SEALs <\/i>would do well to heed Justice Jackson\u2019s counsel in both <i>Korematsu <\/i>and the steel mill seizure case. The Navy may indeed be well-intentioned in wanting every SEAL to be vaccinated. But it has produced precious little evidence to justify its other exceptions to the mandate and that vaccination is effective, that being unvaccinated poses a danger, or that the vaccine is the only means of protecting service members. Courts are our only bulwark against the not-so-subtle blow to liberty the Navy will inflict if it is left unchecked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ghost of Korematsu has haunted our nation for decades. Let us pray that the ghosts of 35 courageous Navy SEALs do not haunt us for decades to come. Our service members sacrifice much to ensure we continue to enjoy religious freedom in America. Their own religious freedom should not become yet another COVID casualty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Mike Berry is director of military affairs at First Liberty Institute, and a former active duty U.S. Marine Corps officer. To learn more, visit <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/nam04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstliberty.org%2F&#038;data=04%7C01%7Ckmiller%40airforcetimes.com%7C34f1531b5f014d15ec1908da1261022a%7C1d5c96e57ee2446dbed8d0f8c50edea5%7C1%7C1%7C637842505120652607%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&#038;sdata=oki0l3scwTN4XKyXOw4IH6pPTogHOLV1Z8avhAnYtLo%3D&#038;reserved=0\"><i>www.firstliberty.org<\/i><\/a><i>.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Have an opinion?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>This article is an Op-Ed and as such, the opinions expressed are those of the authors. If you would like to respond, or have an editorial of your own you would like to submit, please <\/i><a href=\"mailto:kmiller@militarytimes.com\"><i>email Military Times Senior Managing Editor Kent Miller<\/i><\/a><i>.<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Want more perspectives like this sent straight to you? <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/link.militarytimes.com\/join\/5b9\/sign-up-opinion\"><i>Subscribe to get our Commentary &amp; Opinion newsletter<\/i><\/a><i> once a week.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The U.S. Supreme Court slightly narrowed an injunction protecting 35 Navy SEALs from the Department of Defense\u2019s Covid-19 vaccine mandate. The author of this commentary argues its deference to the military is misplaced.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":29004,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_acf":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":73,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_smg_distribution_targets":[]},"categories":[73,101,23,89,26,14],"tags":[8486,8487],"coauthors":[6478],"class_list":["post-68185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commentary","category-daily-news-roundup","category-home","category-middle-column","category-newsletters","category-opinion","tag-commentary","tag-opinion"],"acf":{"subheadline":"","legacy_arc_id":"5OQNUSTFXVD25AE74XB7IICCQM","arc_canonical_url":"\/opinion\/commentary\/2022\/04\/01\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\/","remove_feature_photo":false,"is_sponsored":false,"subtype":"","redirect_url":"","disable_inline_ads":false,"native_logo_pretext":"Presented By:"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Will the ghost of Korematsu haunt the Supreme Court? - Navy Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The U.S. Supreme Court slightly narrowed an injunction protecting 35 Navy SEALs from the Department of Defense\u2019s Covid-19 vaccine mandate. The author of this commentary argues its deference to the military is misplaced.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Will the ghost of Korematsu haunt the Supreme Court?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The U.S. Supreme Court slightly narrowed an injunction protecting 35 Navy SEALs from the Department of Defense\u2019s Covid-19 vaccine mandate. The author of this commentary argues its deference to the military is misplaced.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/navytimes\/opinion\/commentary\/2022\/04\/01\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Navy Times\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-01T15:15:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-18T20:44:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mike Berry\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mike Berry\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\n\t    \"@context\": \"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\n\t    \"@graph\": [\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"Article\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/navytimes\\\/opinion\\\/commentary\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/01\\\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\\\/#article\",\n\t            \"isPartOf\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/navytimes\\\/opinion\\\/commentary\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/01\\\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\\\/\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"author\": {\n\t                \"name\": \"migration\",\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/navytimes\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/cc76c831bb37a926738c8391fca7a3b1\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"headline\": \"Will the ghost of Korematsu haunt the Supreme Court?\",\n\t            \"datePublished\": \"2022-04-01T15:15:49+00:00\",\n\t            \"dateModified\": \"2026-08-18T20:44:56+00:00\",\n\t            \"mainEntityOfPage\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/navytimes\\\/opinion\\\/commentary\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/01\\\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\\\/\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"wordCount\": 930,\n\t            \"commentCount\": 0,\n\t            \"publisher\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/navytimes\\\/#organization\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"image\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/navytimes\\\/opinion\\\/commentary\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/01\\\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\\\/#primaryimage\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"thumbnailUrl\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/AP21310667855083.jpg.jpg\",\n\t            \"keywords\": [\n\t                \"commentary\",\n\t                \"opinion\"\n\t            ],\n\t            \"articleSection\": [\n\t                \"Commentary\",\n\t                \"Daily News Roundup\",\n\t                \"Home\",\n\t                \"Middle Column\",\n\t                \"Newsletters\",\n\t                \"Opinion\"\n\t            ],\n\t            \"inLanguage\": \"en-US\",\n\t            \"potentialAction\": [\n\t                {\n\t                    \"@type\": \"CommentAction\",\n\t                    \"name\": \"Comment\",\n\t                    \"target\": [\n\t                        \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/navytimes\\\/opinion\\\/commentary\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/01\\\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\\\/#respond\"\n\t                    ]\n\t                }\n\t            ]\n\t        },\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/navytimes\\\/opinion\\\/commentary\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/01\\\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\\\/\",\n\t            \"url\": \"https:\\\/\\\/one.sightlinemg.com\\\/navytimes\\\/opinion\\\/commentary\\\/2022\\\/04\\\/01\\\/will-the-ghost-of-korematsu-haunt-the-supreme-court\\\/\",\n\t            \"name\": \"Will the ghost of Korematsu haunt the Supreme Court? 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