{"id":82322,"date":"2026-02-09T17:12:52","date_gmt":"2026-02-09T17:12:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/navytimes\/uncategorized\/2026\/02\/09\/for-this-black-world-war-i-regiment-battle-was-on-2-fronts\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T16:56:29","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T16:56:29","slug":"for-this-black-world-war-i-regiment-battle-was-on-2-fronts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/navytimes\/veterans\/military-history\/2026\/02\/09\/for-this-black-world-war-i-regiment-battle-was-on-2-fronts\/","title":{"rendered":"For this Black World War I regiment, battle was on 2 fronts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><i>Editor\u2019s note: This piece was originally published in DAV Magazine, a publication of the congressionally chartered national nonprofit DAV (Disabled American Veterans).<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even the blaring sounds of a 100-piece jazz band turned to whispers in the throngs of cheering Americans who lined New York City\u2019s Fifth Avenue on Feb. 17, 1919.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was the city\u2019s first homecoming for troops returning from the Great War. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83030431\/1919-02-18\/ed-1\/?sp=14&amp;q=parade+%2B+369th&amp;r=0.026,0.341,0.233,0.154,0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83030431\/1919-02-18\/ed-1\/?sp=14&amp;q=parade+%2B+369th&amp;r=0.026,0.341,0.233,0.154,0\">The Sun newspaper<\/a> described the crowds as \u201ctwo solid walls of booming, roaring welcomers,\u201d and soldiers \u201cdecorated with flowers like brides.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The men were the city\u2019s own, having originated as the 15th New York National Guard Regiment in Harlem before being shipped off to France as the 369th Infantry Regiment. They quickly gained a reputation for their steadfast fierceness in battle, eventually earning the moniker \u201cthe Harlem Hellfighters.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cTheirs is the finest of records,\u201d the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83030214\/1919-02-23\/ed-1\/?sp=2&amp;q=parade+%2B+369th&amp;r=0.37,0.22,0.258,0.215,0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/sn83030214\/1919-02-23\/ed-1\/?sp=2&amp;q=parade+%2B+369th&amp;r=0.37,0.22,0.258,0.215,0\">New York Tribune<\/a> reported at the time. \u201cUnder fire 191 days, they never lost a prisoner or a foot of ground.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\t<aside class=\"smg-interstitial-link wp-block-smg-interstitial-link\">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/militarytimes\/veterans\/military-history\/2025\/09\/05\/harlem-hellfighters-awarded-congressional-gold-medal\/\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__media\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"233\" src=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/369th-group-cropped.webp_.jpg?w=300\" class=\"smg-interstitial-link__image wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"smg-interstitial-link__content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"smg-interstitial-link__kicker\">Related<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"smg-interstitial-link__title\">Harlem Hellfighters awarded Congressional Gold Medal<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"smg-interstitial-link__excerpt\">Hegseth, who recently oversaw the stripping of a base name honoring a Harlem Hellfighter, presented the award to descendants of the Harlem Hellfighters.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/aside>\n\t\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But their welcome was a far cry from the regiment\u2019s sendoff in 1917 when they were prohibited from marching in the farewell parade of New York\u2019s National Guard because of the color of their skin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It wasn\u2019t the first and wouldn\u2019t be the last battle the men of the 369th \u2014 composed entirely of Black soldiers under a white commander and mostly white officers \u2014 faced on the home front.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They fought racist ideologies and policies to even be allowed to wear the uniform. Once in service, they were often overlooked, disrespected and undermined. Somehow, even sacrificing their bodies and contributing to the Allied victory still wasn\u2019t enough to fully realize the rights, esteem and dream of American citizenship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Red-blooded Americans<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Black Americans had served in uniform since the Revolutionary War, segregated from their white counterparts and often treated as inferior. Leading up to World War I, those circumstances hadn\u2019t changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even in New York, a beacon for Black Americans escaping the post-Civil War South, resistance to Black people serving in uniform persisted. It wasn\u2019t until 1913 that legislation allowed for a Black unit in the New York National Guard \u2014 but victory was delayed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt would be another three years before the actual organization of the 15th New York National Guard would take place because of the resistance of the white New York National Guard,\u201d said Jeffrey Sammons, a professor emeritus of history at New York University and co-author of <a href=\"https:\/\/kansaspress.ku.edu\/9780700621385\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/kansaspress.ku.edu\/9780700621385\/\">\u201cHarlem\u2019s Rattlers and the Great War: The Undaunted 369th Regiment and the African American Quest for Equality.\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"6000\" height=\"4706\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/165-WW-127-033_25-3019M_edit_RGB.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-112112\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/165-WW-127-033_25-3019M_edit_RGB.jpg.jpg 6000w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/165-WW-127-033_25-3019M_edit_RGB.jpg.jpg?resize=300,235 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/165-WW-127-033_25-3019M_edit_RGB.jpg.jpg?resize=768,602 768w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/165-WW-127-033_25-3019M_edit_RGB.jpg.jpg?resize=1024,803 1024w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/165-WW-127-033_25-3019M_edit_RGB.jpg.jpg?resize=1536,1205 1536w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/165-WW-127-033_25-3019M_edit_RGB.jpg.jpg?resize=2048,1606 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 6000px) 100vw, 6000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Throngs of New Yorkers line Fifth Avenue to welcome home the soldiers of the 369th Infantry Regiment returning from World War I. But despite their valiant, patriotic service, members of the Black unit continued to face racism and discrimination at home. (National Archives)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A series of events \u2014 including a 1916 fight on the Mexican border that depleted New York National Guard troops as World War I raged \u2014 finally led to the formation of a Black unit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cWe need men in this war effort, and it doesn\u2019t matter what color they are,\u201d Sammons said of the sentiment at the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thousands of Black men answered the call.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cAn awful lot of them were patriotic and were red-blooded Americans who wanted to serve their country,\u201d said Krewasky Salter, a retired Army colonel and military historian. \u201cTheir motivations for joining were analogous to just about any other American soldier.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the Black service member who expected to prove his value and patriotism had a unique burden. That burden grew heavier on April 2, 1917, when then-President Woodrow Wilson declared in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/address-to-congress-declaration-of-war-against-germany\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/address-to-congress-declaration-of-war-against-germany\">his address to Congress<\/a> calling for war, \u201cThe world must be made safe for democracy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Salter said that many Black soldiers thought, \u201cIf I continue to show my willingness to fight and die for this country, then perhaps I\u2019m going to reap all of the benefits\u201d of American democracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By December 1917, the 369th was in France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A slap in the face<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When Gina McVey recounts the story of the Hellfighters, she tells it like it\u2019s old family lore \u2014 because it is. As a member of the 369th, her grandfather Lawrence McVey was among the first American infantry soldiers to arrive in France. But instead of rifles, McVey and his fellow soldiers were given pickaxes and shovels, Salter said. Although the regiment was all volunteer and infantry, it was designated as a draftee unit and given manual labor duties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThat was kind of a slap in the face,\u201d Salter said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By early 1918, the 369th found their place in the war \u2014 under the French flag. Fighting since 1914, France\u2019s forces were depleted. There was pressure for the U.S. to supply reinforcements to French command, but Army Gen. John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), had marching orders to maintain the independence and identity of American forces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cSo the African American soldier gave Pershing an out, because he wasn\u2019t going to give any of the white soldiers,\u201d Salter said. \u201cSo he gave the African American soldier.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When Gina McVey started researching the 369th, she came upon a <a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/human-interest\/2016\/04\/secret-information-concerning-black-troops-a-warning-memo-sent-to-the-french-military-during-world-war-i.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/human-interest\/2016\/04\/secret-information-concerning-black-troops-a-warning-memo-sent-to-the-french-military-during-world-war-i.html\">now-infamous letter from AEF headquarters to French forces<\/a>. In it, the French are advised not to eat with or shake hands with Black soldiers and not to \u201ccommend too highly\u201d the Black American troops. The danger, the letter stated, was that contact with the French \u2014 who didn\u2019t hold the same racist ideologies held in America \u2014 would \u201cinspire in Black Americans aspirations which to them [the whites] appear intolerable.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt broke my heart,\u201d McVey said of the letter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1125\" height=\"639\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-02-06-at-2.40.08-PM.png.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-112113\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-02-06-at-2.40.08-PM.png.png 1125w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-02-06-at-2.40.08-PM.png.png?resize=300,170 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-02-06-at-2.40.08-PM.png.png?resize=768,436 768w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-02-06-at-2.40.08-PM.png.png?resize=1024,582 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1125px) 100vw, 1125px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lawrence McVey (middle), who served with the 369th, was honored with France\u2019s Croix de Guerre after leading an attack that left him wounded. Thanks to the efforts of his granddaughter, Gina McVey (left), the medal now resides at the Smithsonian\u2019s National Museum of African American History and Culture. (Gina McVey\/National Museum of African American History and Culture via Canva)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under French command, the men of the 369th performed their duty, serving in the trenches longer and suffering more casualties than any other American regiment. They participated in important battles, including the deadly Meuse-Argonne Offensive, during which they captured the village of S\u00e9chault, and were there for the armistice of Nov. 11, 1918.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regiment soldier Henry Johnson became the first American ever awarded France\u2019s Croix de Guerre military honor after engaging in hand-to-hand combat with an enemy raiding party.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gina McVey\u2019s grandfather, Lawrence McVey received the same French military honor for his courage in leading an attack that resulted in him being injured. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.si.edu\/object\/application-veterans-disability-allowance-cpl-lawrence-leslie-mcvey:nmaahc_2011.108.22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/www.si.edu\/object\/application-veterans-disability-allowance-cpl-lawrence-leslie-mcvey:nmaahc_2011.108.22\">his application for veterans disability allowance<\/a> years later, McVey had suffered a gunshot wound to the arm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI\u2019m just so proud that he fulfilled his duties to the best of his ability, and they were instrumental in turning the tide of war,\u201d Gina McVey said. \u201cKnowing that \u2014 all the times people have told us we didn\u2019t do anything and we were lazy and we were good for nothing \u2014 that we were good for something.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another 169 members of the 369th received the prestigious Croix de Guerre. Yet at the time, few Black members received formal American honors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Honor delayed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once the glory of their welcome home faded, the members of the 369th and other Black regiments were left to deal with racism intensified by the shifting roles brought on by the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cOne can see in the press that there\u2019s a great deal of trepidation, of concern about these guys who have been trained to kill and had been transformed in many ways by their war experience and their interaction with people on a global stage,\u201d Sammons said. \u201cSo it\u2019s essentially, \u2018how are we going to return Blacks to the status quo after the war?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within months of returning home, the country was seized by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theworldwar.org\/learn\/about-wwi\/red-summer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/www.theworldwar.org\/learn\/about-wwi\/red-summer\">Red Summer of 1919<\/a>, an outbreak of racial violence across dozens of cities. Over the course of 10 months, an estimated 250 Black Americans were killed. In Arkansas, wounded 369th veteran <a href=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/news-archive\/2018\/09\/13\/leroy-johnston-medals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/ualr.edu\/news-archive\/2018\/09\/13\/leroy-johnston-medals\/\">Leroy Johnston<\/a> and his three brothers were killed in the Elaine Massacre, the deadliest racial confrontation in that state\u2019s history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It became clear that Wilson\u2019s call to make the world safe for democracy didn\u2019t apply to Black Americans, even those who fought in its name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"6000\" height=\"4660\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/HH_Main_article_NA.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-112114\" srcset=\"https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/HH_Main_article_NA.jpg.jpg 6000w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/HH_Main_article_NA.jpg.jpg?resize=300,233 300w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/HH_Main_article_NA.jpg.jpg?resize=768,596 768w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/HH_Main_article_NA.jpg.jpg?resize=1024,795 1024w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/HH_Main_article_NA.jpg.jpg?resize=1536,1193 1536w, https:\/\/one.sightlinemg.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/HH_Main_article_NA.jpg.jpg?resize=2048,1591 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 6000px) 100vw, 6000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Service members of the 369th arrive at Hoboken, New Jersey. (National Archives)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then in 1925, the <a href=\"https:\/\/buffalosoldiersmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Employment-of-Negro-Manpower-in-War-US-Army-War-College-Study-1925-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/buffalosoldiersmuseum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Employment-of-Negro-Manpower-in-War-US-Army-War-College-Study-1925-1.pdf\">Army War College released a report<\/a> on the role and value of Black soldiers. In the report, Black Americans were described as \u201cinherently weak in character\u201d and accused of having \u201cfailed in the World War.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThis is a devastating document,\u201d Sammons said, adding that it institutionalized the denigration of the Black soldier, something that continued into World War II. It wasn\u2019t until 1948 that then-President Harry Truman signed an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/executive-order-9981\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/executive-order-9981\">executive order<\/a> desegregating the U.S. military and mandating equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For most of the 369th\u2019s Black members, it would take years, even decades, to receive American military honors. McVey received the Purple Heart in 1932. Johnson received the same in 1996, as well as the Medal of Honor in 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In late 2021, the 369th Infantry Regiment was awarded the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3642\/text\/rfs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"\" title=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/3642\/text\/rfs\">Congressional Gold Medal<\/a> \u2014 well after its members had died.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThey need to be honored,\u201d McVey said, \u201cbecause they fought for a country that didn\u2019t fight for them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">More than a century after the Harlem Hellfighters marched up Fifth Avenue to thunderous cheers, their story still resonates \u2014 proof that courage often arrives long before recognition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As the echoes of that parade fade, the nation can finally hear what was once drowned out: the call to honor all who fought for freedom.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For most of the 369th\u2019s Black members, it would take years, even decades, to receive American military honors.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":112110,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"single-post-featured-layout","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"https:\/\/www.dav.org\/learn-more\/news\/2026\/for-this-black-world-war-i-regiment-battle-was-on-two-fronts\/","_acf":"","_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":87,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_smg_distribution_targets":[]},"categories":[101,87,26,19],"tags":[],"coauthors":[7276],"class_list":["post-82322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-news-roundup","category-military-history","category-newsletters","category-veterans"],"acf":{"subheadline":"","legacy_arc_id":"6N3BZO7PYRALJCEM36NTVWU2UU","arc_canonical_url":"\/veterans\/military-history\/2026\/02\/09\/for-this-black-world-war-i-regiment-battle-was-on-2-fronts\/","remove_feature_photo":false,"is_sponsored":false,"subtype":"featured-layout","redirect_url":"","disable_inline_ads":false,"native_logo_pretext":"Presented By:"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.0 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>For this Black World War I regiment, battle was on 2 fronts - Navy Times<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"For most of the 369th\u2019s Black members, it would take years, even decades, to receive American military honors.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"For this Black World War I regiment, battle was on 2 fronts\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"For most of the 369th\u2019s Black members, it would take years, even decades, to receive American military honors.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" 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