1864: Ulysses Simpson Grant is promoted to lieutenant general and appointed commander of the U.S. Army.
1916: Generale Pancho Villa leads members of his División del Norte into Columbus, New Mexico, resulting in 15 civilians and seven troopers of the 13th U.S. Cavalry Regiment being killed before the raiders are driven off with at least 90 dead and six taken prisoner. In reprisal, President Woodrow Wilson calls for a punitive expedition to be sent into Mexico to capture Villa himself.
1935: Adolf Hitler, again defying the Treaty of Versailles, formally announces the formation of a German air force, or Luftwaffe.
1945: Maj. Gen. Curtis LeMay dispatches 334 Boeing B-29s of the Twentieth Air Force to drop 120,000 fire bombs on Tokyo, killing about 100,000 civilians and destroying most of the city.




